Procalcitonine, Nitric oxide and C-Reactive Protein concentrations in rats with experimentally-induced infectious and noninfectious inflammation
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the alterations in procalcitonine (PCT), nitric oxide (NO) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in infectious and noninfectious inflammation and to evaluate their potential in the differentiation of inflammation. Totally 70 female Wistar rats (Group 1: n=21; Group 2, n=21, Group 3: n=21; Day 0: n=7), weighing 250-300 grams, were used in this study. Before the applications, blood samples were collected in seven rats and the time is accepted as Day 0. Three groups were formed each containing 21 rats. Stapylococcus aureus were administered at a concentration of 10 6 CFU in the infection group (Group 1), subcutaneously. Turbentine oil at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg were injected subcutaneously to twenty-one rats in the noninfectious inflammation group (Group 2). In the control group, 21 rats were injected with saline subcutaneously. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 7 rats in each group on the 1st, 4th and the 7th days. PCT, NO, and CRP analyzes were performed with commercial test kits in the ELISA reader. According to the obtained results, we determined that serum PCT, NO and CRP levels increased after administrations. The rises of CRP and PCT concentrations were not statistically significant but it was higher in infectious group levels than the other two groups. Based on these results, it can be said that NO shows significant increases during infectious inflammation and can be used for diferential diagnostic purposes in clinics
Keywords
References
- Ahren C, Jungersteb L, Sandberg T (1999): Plasma nitrate as an index of nitricoxide formation in patients with acute infectious disease. Scand J Infect Dis, 31, 405-7.
- Atli M, Erikoğlu M, Kaynak A, Esen HH, Kurban S (2012): The effects of selenium and vitamin E on lung tissue in rats with sepsis. Clin Invest Med, 1,35, 48-54.
- Bürger W, Schade R, Hirschelmann R (1987): The rat C-reactive protein isolation and response to experimental inflammation and tissue damage. Agents Actions, 21, 97– 93.
- Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martynez-Subiela S.(2005): Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol, 34, 99-85.
- Charmandari E, Meandows N, Patel M et al (2001): Plasma nitrate concentrations in children with infectious and noninfectious diarrhea. J Crit Care, 32, 427-423.
- Connolly KM, Stecher VJ, Kent L (1988): Examination of interleukin- 1 activity, the acute phase response, and leukocyte subpopulations in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Lab Clin M, 111, 347–341.
- Delevaux I, Andre M, Colombier M et al (2003): Can procalsitonin meusurement help in help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other kinds of inflammatory proces? Ann Rheum Dis, 40,1250-6.
- Eberhard OK, Haubitz M, Brunkhorst FM et al (1997): Usefulness of procalcitonin for differentiation between activity of systemic autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus/systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- associated vasculitis) and invasive bacterial infection. Arthritis Rheum, 40, 1250-6.
- Ebersole JL, Machen RL, Steffen MJ et al (1997): Systemic acute-phase reactants, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin in adult periodontitis. Clinical Exp Immunol, 107, 352–347.
- Eckersall PD, Bell R.(2010): Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Vet J, 185, 27-23.
- Ellis G, Adatia L, Yazdanpanah M, Makela KS (1998): Nitrite and Nitrate Analyses. A Clin Biochem Pers, 31, 220-195.
- Faddah ML, Baky NAA, Al-Rasheed NM et al (2010): Role of Quercetin and orjinin in amelioriating nano zinc oxide induced nephrotoxicity in rats. BMC Complem Altern M., 12, 60.
- Forte P, Dykhuizen RS, Milne E et al (1999): Nitric oxide synthesis in patients with infective gastroenteritis. Gut, 45, 361-355.
- Giffen PS, Turton J, Andrews C et al (2003): Markers of experimental acute inflammation in the Wistar Han rat with particular referance to haptoglobulin and C- reactive protein. Arch Toxicol, 77, 402-392.
- Gruys E, Toussaint JM, Niewold TA et al (2005): Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. J Zhejiang University Sci, 11, 1056-1045.
- Jocobson LS, Lobestti RG, Becker F et al (2002): Nitricoxide metbabolites in naturally occuring canine babesiosis. Vet Parasitol, 104, 27-41.
- Joo K, Park W, Lim MJ et al (2011): Serum procalcitonin for differentiating bacterial infection from disease flares in patients with autoimmune diseases. J Korean Med Sci, 26, 1151-1147.
- Kahyaoğlu A(2011): Deneysel diabet oluşturulan ratlarda bazı akut faz proteinleri ve iz elementler arasındaki ilişkiler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- McLoughlin Rachel M, Solinga Robert M, Rich JM et al (2006): T cells and CXC chemokines modulate the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus wound infections Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences, 103: 10408- 10413.
- Miranda MK, Espey MG, Wink AD (2001): A rapid simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrite and nitrate. Nitric Oxide, 5, 71-62.
- Myers MA, Fleck A (1988): Observations on the delay in onset of the acute phase protein response. Brıt J Exp Pathol, 69, 176–169.
- Nahum E, Schiller O, Livni G et al(2012): Procalcitonin level as an aid for the diagnosis of bacterial infections following pediatric cardiac surgery. J Crit Care, 27, 220, 11-16.
- Nijsten MW, Olinga P, The TH et al (2000): Procalcitonin behaves as a fast responding acute phase protein in vivo and in vitro. Crit Care Med, 28, 458-61.
- Nunomura W, Takakuwa Y, Higashi T (1994): Changes in serum concentration and mRNA level of rat CRP. Bıochım. Bıophys. Acta., 1227, 55-70.
- Podilla ND, Blecker WK, Lubbers Y et al (2003): Rat CRP activates the autologous complement system. Immunology, 109, 564-571.
- Satoi S, Kamiyama Y, Kitabe H et al (2002): Prolonged decreases in plasma nitrate levels at early postoperative phase after hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. J Lab Clin Med,131, 342-236.
- Scotté M, Hiron M. Masson, S et al (1996): Differentıal expression of cytokine genes in monocytes, peritoneal macrophages and liver following endotoxin- or turpentine- induced inflammatıon in rat. Cytokine, 8: 115–120.
- Schuetz P, Suter-Widmer I, Chaudri A et al (2011): Prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Resp J, 37, 392-384.
- Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK et al (2004): Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis, 39, 206–17.
Deneysel Olarak İnfeksiyöz ve Noninfeksiyöz Yangı Oluşturulmuş Ratlarda Prokalsitonin, NitrikOksit ve C-Reaktif Protein Konsantrasyonları
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, infeksiyöz ve noninfeksiyöz yangı durumunda prokalsitonin(PCT), Nitrik oksit (NO) ve C-reaktif protein (CRP) düzeylerini belirlemek ve yangının ayrımının yapılmasında kullanılabilirliğini değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmada toplam olarak 250-300 gram ağırlığında 70 dişi Wistar rat (Grup 1: n=21, Grup 2: n=21, Grup 3: n=21 ve 0. Gün n=7) kullanıldı. Uygulamalardan önce 7 rattan kan örnekleri alınıp 0. gün olarak kabul edildi. Ayrıca her biri 21 rat içeren 3 grup oluşturuldu. İnfeksiyon grubunda (Grup 1) bulunan 21 rata Staphylococcus aureus 106 CFU derialtı olarak verildi. Noninfeksiyöz yangı grubunda bulunan 21 rata Turbentin yağı 0.5 mg/kg derialtı uygulandı. Kontrol grubundaki 21 rata derialtı fizyolojik tuzlu su verildi. Uygulamalardan sonra her gruptan rastgele seçilen yedişer hayvandan, 1., 4. ve 7. günlerde kan örnekleri toplandı. PCT, CRP ve NO düzeyleri ELISA cihazında ticari test kitleriyle çalışıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre PCT, NO ve CRP düzeylerinin uygulamalardan sonra arttığını belirlendi. CRP ve PCT düzeylerindeki artış infeksiyöz grupta diğer iki gruba göre daha fazlaydı ancak istatistiki önem saptanamadı. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına dayanarak, NO’in infeksiyöz yangıda önemli düzeyde arttığı ve kliniklerde ayırıcı tanı amaçlı kullanılabileceği söylenebilir
References
- Ahren C, Jungersteb L, Sandberg T (1999): Plasma nitrate as an index of nitricoxide formation in patients with acute infectious disease. Scand J Infect Dis, 31, 405-7.
- Atli M, Erikoğlu M, Kaynak A, Esen HH, Kurban S (2012): The effects of selenium and vitamin E on lung tissue in rats with sepsis. Clin Invest Med, 1,35, 48-54.
- Bürger W, Schade R, Hirschelmann R (1987): The rat C-reactive protein isolation and response to experimental inflammation and tissue damage. Agents Actions, 21, 97– 93.
- Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martynez-Subiela S.(2005): Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol, 34, 99-85.
- Charmandari E, Meandows N, Patel M et al (2001): Plasma nitrate concentrations in children with infectious and noninfectious diarrhea. J Crit Care, 32, 427-423.
- Connolly KM, Stecher VJ, Kent L (1988): Examination of interleukin- 1 activity, the acute phase response, and leukocyte subpopulations in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Lab Clin M, 111, 347–341.
- Delevaux I, Andre M, Colombier M et al (2003): Can procalsitonin meusurement help in help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other kinds of inflammatory proces? Ann Rheum Dis, 40,1250-6.
- Eberhard OK, Haubitz M, Brunkhorst FM et al (1997): Usefulness of procalcitonin for differentiation between activity of systemic autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus/systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- associated vasculitis) and invasive bacterial infection. Arthritis Rheum, 40, 1250-6.
- Ebersole JL, Machen RL, Steffen MJ et al (1997): Systemic acute-phase reactants, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin in adult periodontitis. Clinical Exp Immunol, 107, 352–347.
- Eckersall PD, Bell R.(2010): Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Vet J, 185, 27-23.
- Ellis G, Adatia L, Yazdanpanah M, Makela KS (1998): Nitrite and Nitrate Analyses. A Clin Biochem Pers, 31, 220-195.
- Faddah ML, Baky NAA, Al-Rasheed NM et al (2010): Role of Quercetin and orjinin in amelioriating nano zinc oxide induced nephrotoxicity in rats. BMC Complem Altern M., 12, 60.
- Forte P, Dykhuizen RS, Milne E et al (1999): Nitric oxide synthesis in patients with infective gastroenteritis. Gut, 45, 361-355.
- Giffen PS, Turton J, Andrews C et al (2003): Markers of experimental acute inflammation in the Wistar Han rat with particular referance to haptoglobulin and C- reactive protein. Arch Toxicol, 77, 402-392.
- Gruys E, Toussaint JM, Niewold TA et al (2005): Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. J Zhejiang University Sci, 11, 1056-1045.
- Jocobson LS, Lobestti RG, Becker F et al (2002): Nitricoxide metbabolites in naturally occuring canine babesiosis. Vet Parasitol, 104, 27-41.
- Joo K, Park W, Lim MJ et al (2011): Serum procalcitonin for differentiating bacterial infection from disease flares in patients with autoimmune diseases. J Korean Med Sci, 26, 1151-1147.
- Kahyaoğlu A(2011): Deneysel diabet oluşturulan ratlarda bazı akut faz proteinleri ve iz elementler arasındaki ilişkiler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- McLoughlin Rachel M, Solinga Robert M, Rich JM et al (2006): T cells and CXC chemokines modulate the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus wound infections Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences, 103: 10408- 10413.
- Miranda MK, Espey MG, Wink AD (2001): A rapid simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrite and nitrate. Nitric Oxide, 5, 71-62.
- Myers MA, Fleck A (1988): Observations on the delay in onset of the acute phase protein response. Brıt J Exp Pathol, 69, 176–169.
- Nahum E, Schiller O, Livni G et al(2012): Procalcitonin level as an aid for the diagnosis of bacterial infections following pediatric cardiac surgery. J Crit Care, 27, 220, 11-16.
- Nijsten MW, Olinga P, The TH et al (2000): Procalcitonin behaves as a fast responding acute phase protein in vivo and in vitro. Crit Care Med, 28, 458-61.
- Nunomura W, Takakuwa Y, Higashi T (1994): Changes in serum concentration and mRNA level of rat CRP. Bıochım. Bıophys. Acta., 1227, 55-70.
- Podilla ND, Blecker WK, Lubbers Y et al (2003): Rat CRP activates the autologous complement system. Immunology, 109, 564-571.
- Satoi S, Kamiyama Y, Kitabe H et al (2002): Prolonged decreases in plasma nitrate levels at early postoperative phase after hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. J Lab Clin Med,131, 342-236.
- Scotté M, Hiron M. Masson, S et al (1996): Differentıal expression of cytokine genes in monocytes, peritoneal macrophages and liver following endotoxin- or turpentine- induced inflammatıon in rat. Cytokine, 8: 115–120.
- Schuetz P, Suter-Widmer I, Chaudri A et al (2011): Prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Resp J, 37, 392-384.
- Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK et al (2004): Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis, 39, 206–17.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA52PN34JK |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 1, 2015 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2015Volume: 62 Issue: 2 |