Letter to Editor
Year 2013,
Volume: 60 Issue: 3, 171 - 176, 01.09.2013
Abstract
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, the common dog and cat ascarids, are zoonotic parasites. Humans can become infected through ingestion of infective eggs. It is generally accepted that human infection is caused as a result of direct contact with contaminated soil. However, recently, the eggs of Toxocara spp. have been found in the hair of dogs. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs on the hair of dogs and cats. From 130 stray and owned animals, samples were taken from the perianal region, the caudal aspect of the hind limbs and the underside of the tail. In the hair of 49 dogs (49 %) and 4 cats (13.3 %) Toxocara spp. eggs were found. For the cat, total number of Toxocara eggs were 6. One of the egg recovered (16.7 %) was embryonated and one (16.7 %) was unembryonated. A total of 857 Toxocara spp. eggs were found in dogs. 439 (51.2 %) of the eggs recovered were unembryonated, 131 (15.3 %) were embryonating, 89 (10.4 %) were embryonated and 198 (28.1 %) were non-viable. Eggs of Taenia spp., Dipylidium caninum and Toxascaris leonina were also recovered 24, 6 and 15 % of dog hair samples, respectively. As Toxocara spp. eggs were found in the hair of stray/owned dogs and cats, direct contact with dogs and cats may be a potential risk factor for transmission of Toxocara spp. eggs to humans
Keywords
References
- Akao N, Takayanagi TH, Suzuki R, Tsukidate S, Fujita K (2000): Ocular larva migrans caused by Toxocara cati in Mongolian gerbils and a comparison of ophtalmologic findings with those produced by T.canis. J Parasitol, 86, 1133-1135.
- Amaral HLC, Rassier GL, Pepe MS, Gallina T, Villela MM, Nobre MO, Scaini CJ, Berne MEA (2010): Presence of Toxocara canis eggs on the hair of dogs: A risk factor for Visceral Larva Migrans. Vet Parasitol, 174, 115-118.
- Aydenizöz-Özkayhan M (2006): Soil contamination with ascarid eggs in playgrounds in Kırıkkale, Turkey. J Helminthol, 80, 15-18.
- Aydenizöz-Özkayhan M, Yağcı BB, Erat S (2008): The investigation of Toxocara canis eggs in coats of different dog breeds as a potential transmission route in human toxocariosis. Vet Parasitol, 152, 94-100.
- Bowman DD (2009): Helminths. 179-184, 201-207. In: DD Bowman (Ed), Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, Missouri.
- Burgu A, Tınar R, Doğanay A, Toparlak M (1985): A survey for ecto-and endoparasites of stray cats. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 32, 288-300.
- Claerebout E, Casaert S, Dalemans AC, De Wilde N, Levecke B, Vercruysse J, Geurden T (2009): Giardia and other intestinal parasites in different dog populations in Northern Belgium. Vet Parasitol, 161, 41-46.
- Coati N, Schnieder T, Epe C (2004): Vertical transmission of Toxocara cati Schrank 1788 (Anisakidae) in the cat. Parasitol Res, 92, 142-146.
- Dai RS, Li ZY, Li F, Liu DX, Liu W, Liu GH, He SW, Tan MY, Lin RQ, Liu Y, Zhu XQ (2009): Severe infection of adult dogs with helminths in Hunan Province, China poses significant public health concerns. Vet Parasitol, 160, 348-350.
- Deplazes P, van Knapen F, Schweiger A, Overgaauw PAP (2011): Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonones in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis. Vet Parasitol, 182, 41-53.
- Doğan N, Dinleyici EÇ, Bor Ö, Özensoy S, Özbel Y (2007): Seroepidemiological survey for Toxocara canis infection in the Northwestern part of Turkey. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 31, 288-291.
- Doğanay A (1992): Check list of the parasites of cats and dogs in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 39, 336-348.
- Doğanay A, Öge S (1993): The prevalence of ascariasis in stray dogs in Ankara. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 40, 552- 562.
- El-Tras WF, Holt HR, Tayel AA (2011): Risk of Toxocara canis in stray and domestic dog hair in Egypt. Vet Parasitol, 178, 319-321.
- Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P (2008): Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol, 152, 108-115.
- Fisher M (2003): Toxocara cati: an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends Parasitol, 19, 167-170.
- Güçlü F, Aydenizöz M (1998): Çocuk parklarındaki kumların köpek ve kedi helminti yumurtaları ile kontami- nasyonunun tespiti. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 22, 194-198.
- Hasslinger MA, Jonas D, Berger W (1973): Zur Stellung der Hauskatze in der Epidemiologie menschlicher Wurminfektionen unter besondere Berücksichtigung von Toxocara mystax. Tierarztl Umsch, 28, 26-33.
- Kaplan M, Gödekmerdan A, Kalkan A, Erensoy A, Özde M (1999): Toxocara canis seroprevalence in Elazığ region. Fırat Univ J Health Sci, 13, 51-54.
- Keegan JD, Holland CV (2010): Contamination of the hair of owned dogs with the eggs of Toxocara spp. Vet Parasitol, 173, 161-164.
- Kuman HA, Altıntaş N (1984): Ege bölgesinde serolojik olarak saptanan Toxocariasis olguları. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 1-2, 113-119.
- Kustimur S, Al FD, Oğuzulgen K, Bakır H, Moral I, Turktaş H, Tuzun H (2007): Toxocara seroprevalence in adults with bronchial asthma. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg, 101, 270-274.
- Lee ACY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montogomery SP, Bowman DD (2010): Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol, 26, 155-161.
- Macpherson CNL (2005): Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses. Int J Parasitol, 35, 1319-1331.
- Martinez-Moreno FJ, Hernandez S, Lopez-Cobos E, Becerra C, Acosta I, Martinez-Moreno A (2007): Estimation of canine intestinal parasites in Cordoba (Spain) and their risk to public health. Vet Parasitol, 143, 7-13.
- Oge S, Oge H (2000): Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks in Ankara, Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wschr, 107, 72-75.
- Overgaauw PAM (1997): Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: Human toxocarosis. Crit Rev Microbiol, 23, 215-231.
- Overgaauw PAM, Zutphen L, Hoek D, Yaya FD, Roelfsema J, Pinelli E, van Knapen F, Kortbeek LM (2009): Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. Vet Parasitol, 163, 115- 122.
- Roddie G, Holland C, Stafford P, Wolfe A (2008a): Contamination of fox hair with eggs of Toxocara canis. J Helminthol, 82, 293-296.
- Roddie G, Stafford P, Holland C, Wolfe A (2008b): Contamination of dog hair with eggs of Toxocara canis. Vet Parasitol, 152, 85-93.
- Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto HJ, Ferreira MU (2010): Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular form. Annal Trop Med Parasitol, 104, 3-23.
- Sager H, Moret CHS, Grımm F, Deplazes P, Doherr MG, Gottstein B (2006): Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment. Parasitol Res, 98, 333-338.
- Smith H, Holland C, Taylor M, Magnaval JF, Schantz P, Maizels R (2009): How common is human toxocariasis? Towards standardizing our knowledge. Trends Parasitol, 25, 182-188.
- Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL (2007): Veterinary Parasitology (3rd ed). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
- Toparlak M, Gargılı A, Tüzer E, Keleş V, Ulutaş Esatgil M, Çetinkaya H (2002): Contamination of children playground sandpits with Toxocara eggs in İstanbul, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 26, 317-320.
- Wolfe A, Wright P (2003): Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs. Vet Rec, 152, 419-422.
- Wolfe A, Wright P (2004): Parasitic nematode eggs in fur samples from dogs. Vet Rec, 154, 408.
Year 2013,
Volume: 60 Issue: 3, 171 - 176, 01.09.2013
Abstract
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati; köpek ve kedilerde yaygın olarak görülen, zoonoz askaritlerdendir. İnsanlar, larvalı yumurtaların sindirim yoluyla alınmasıyla enfekte olurlar. İnsan enfeksiyonları için genel kabul gören bulaşım yolu, kontamine toprakla direkt temastır. Ancak son zamanlarda, Toxocara spp. yumurtaları köpek tüylerinde bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, köpek ve kedi tüylerinde Toxocara spp. yumurtalarının prevalansını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. 130 sokak ve sahipli hayvandan, perianal bölge, arka bacak bölgesi ve kuyruk altından tüy örnekleri toplanmıştır. 49 köpekte (% 49) ve 4 kedide (% 13.3) Toxocara spp. yumurtası bulunmuştur. Kedilerde toplam 6 Toxocara spp. yumurtası bulunmuş, biri larvalı (% 16.7), biri (% 16.7) canlıdır. Köpeklerde toplam 857 Toxocara spp. yumurtası bulunmuştur. Bunların 439’u (% 51.2) canlı, 131’i (% 15.3) embriyonal süreçte, 89’u (% 10.4) larvalı ve 198’i (% 28.1) ölü yumurtadır. Aynı zamanda köpek tüylerinde Taenia spp., Dipylidium caninum ve Toxascaris leonina yumurtaları da sırasıyla % 24, % 6 ve % 15 bulunmuştur. Toxocara spp. yumurtalarının sokak/sahipli köpek ve kedi tüylerinde bulunması, köpek ve kedilerle direkt temasın insanlara Toxocara spp. yumurtalarının bulaşmasında potansiyel risk faktörü olabileceğini düşündürmektedir
Keywords
References
- Akao N, Takayanagi TH, Suzuki R, Tsukidate S, Fujita K (2000): Ocular larva migrans caused by Toxocara cati in Mongolian gerbils and a comparison of ophtalmologic findings with those produced by T.canis. J Parasitol, 86, 1133-1135.
- Amaral HLC, Rassier GL, Pepe MS, Gallina T, Villela MM, Nobre MO, Scaini CJ, Berne MEA (2010): Presence of Toxocara canis eggs on the hair of dogs: A risk factor for Visceral Larva Migrans. Vet Parasitol, 174, 115-118.
- Aydenizöz-Özkayhan M (2006): Soil contamination with ascarid eggs in playgrounds in Kırıkkale, Turkey. J Helminthol, 80, 15-18.
- Aydenizöz-Özkayhan M, Yağcı BB, Erat S (2008): The investigation of Toxocara canis eggs in coats of different dog breeds as a potential transmission route in human toxocariosis. Vet Parasitol, 152, 94-100.
- Bowman DD (2009): Helminths. 179-184, 201-207. In: DD Bowman (Ed), Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, Missouri.
- Burgu A, Tınar R, Doğanay A, Toparlak M (1985): A survey for ecto-and endoparasites of stray cats. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 32, 288-300.
- Claerebout E, Casaert S, Dalemans AC, De Wilde N, Levecke B, Vercruysse J, Geurden T (2009): Giardia and other intestinal parasites in different dog populations in Northern Belgium. Vet Parasitol, 161, 41-46.
- Coati N, Schnieder T, Epe C (2004): Vertical transmission of Toxocara cati Schrank 1788 (Anisakidae) in the cat. Parasitol Res, 92, 142-146.
- Dai RS, Li ZY, Li F, Liu DX, Liu W, Liu GH, He SW, Tan MY, Lin RQ, Liu Y, Zhu XQ (2009): Severe infection of adult dogs with helminths in Hunan Province, China poses significant public health concerns. Vet Parasitol, 160, 348-350.
- Deplazes P, van Knapen F, Schweiger A, Overgaauw PAP (2011): Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonones in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis. Vet Parasitol, 182, 41-53.
- Doğan N, Dinleyici EÇ, Bor Ö, Özensoy S, Özbel Y (2007): Seroepidemiological survey for Toxocara canis infection in the Northwestern part of Turkey. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 31, 288-291.
- Doğanay A (1992): Check list of the parasites of cats and dogs in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 39, 336-348.
- Doğanay A, Öge S (1993): The prevalence of ascariasis in stray dogs in Ankara. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 40, 552- 562.
- El-Tras WF, Holt HR, Tayel AA (2011): Risk of Toxocara canis in stray and domestic dog hair in Egypt. Vet Parasitol, 178, 319-321.
- Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P (2008): Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol, 152, 108-115.
- Fisher M (2003): Toxocara cati: an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends Parasitol, 19, 167-170.
- Güçlü F, Aydenizöz M (1998): Çocuk parklarındaki kumların köpek ve kedi helminti yumurtaları ile kontami- nasyonunun tespiti. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 22, 194-198.
- Hasslinger MA, Jonas D, Berger W (1973): Zur Stellung der Hauskatze in der Epidemiologie menschlicher Wurminfektionen unter besondere Berücksichtigung von Toxocara mystax. Tierarztl Umsch, 28, 26-33.
- Kaplan M, Gödekmerdan A, Kalkan A, Erensoy A, Özde M (1999): Toxocara canis seroprevalence in Elazığ region. Fırat Univ J Health Sci, 13, 51-54.
- Keegan JD, Holland CV (2010): Contamination of the hair of owned dogs with the eggs of Toxocara spp. Vet Parasitol, 173, 161-164.
- Kuman HA, Altıntaş N (1984): Ege bölgesinde serolojik olarak saptanan Toxocariasis olguları. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 1-2, 113-119.
- Kustimur S, Al FD, Oğuzulgen K, Bakır H, Moral I, Turktaş H, Tuzun H (2007): Toxocara seroprevalence in adults with bronchial asthma. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg, 101, 270-274.
- Lee ACY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montogomery SP, Bowman DD (2010): Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol, 26, 155-161.
- Macpherson CNL (2005): Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses. Int J Parasitol, 35, 1319-1331.
- Martinez-Moreno FJ, Hernandez S, Lopez-Cobos E, Becerra C, Acosta I, Martinez-Moreno A (2007): Estimation of canine intestinal parasites in Cordoba (Spain) and their risk to public health. Vet Parasitol, 143, 7-13.
- Oge S, Oge H (2000): Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks in Ankara, Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wschr, 107, 72-75.
- Overgaauw PAM (1997): Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: Human toxocarosis. Crit Rev Microbiol, 23, 215-231.
- Overgaauw PAM, Zutphen L, Hoek D, Yaya FD, Roelfsema J, Pinelli E, van Knapen F, Kortbeek LM (2009): Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. Vet Parasitol, 163, 115- 122.
- Roddie G, Holland C, Stafford P, Wolfe A (2008a): Contamination of fox hair with eggs of Toxocara canis. J Helminthol, 82, 293-296.
- Roddie G, Stafford P, Holland C, Wolfe A (2008b): Contamination of dog hair with eggs of Toxocara canis. Vet Parasitol, 152, 85-93.
- Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto HJ, Ferreira MU (2010): Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular form. Annal Trop Med Parasitol, 104, 3-23.
- Sager H, Moret CHS, Grımm F, Deplazes P, Doherr MG, Gottstein B (2006): Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment. Parasitol Res, 98, 333-338.
- Smith H, Holland C, Taylor M, Magnaval JF, Schantz P, Maizels R (2009): How common is human toxocariasis? Towards standardizing our knowledge. Trends Parasitol, 25, 182-188.
- Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL (2007): Veterinary Parasitology (3rd ed). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
- Toparlak M, Gargılı A, Tüzer E, Keleş V, Ulutaş Esatgil M, Çetinkaya H (2002): Contamination of children playground sandpits with Toxocara eggs in İstanbul, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 26, 317-320.
- Wolfe A, Wright P (2003): Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs. Vet Rec, 152, 419-422.
- Wolfe A, Wright P (2004): Parasitic nematode eggs in fur samples from dogs. Vet Rec, 154, 408.
There are 37 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA93ZY54CV |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 1, 2013 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2013Volume: 60 Issue: 3 |