Letter to Editor
Year 2013,
Volume: 60 Issue: 1, 79 - 83, 01.03.2013
Abstract
Merkezi sinir sisteminde gonadlardan ve adrenal bezlerden bağımsız olarak kolesterolden sentezlenen steroid nörosteroid olarak tanımlanır. Pek çok omurgalı ve omurgasız canlıların sinir sisteminde nörosteroidler sentezlenmektedir. Nörosteroidler pek çok beyin fonksiyonunu etkilemektedir. Sinir sistemi hastalıklarında nörosteroid sentezini katalizleyen enzimlerin ekspresyonları ve nörosteroid düzeyleri değişmektedir. Nörosteroidlerin nöronlar üzerinde koruyucu etkiye sahip olduğu iyi bilinmektedir. Nörosteroidler nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda sinir sistemine ilişkin bozuklukları hafifletmekte, koruyucu ve tedavi edici olarak kullanılabilmektedir
Keywords
References
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- Ahlbom E, Prins GS, Ceccatelli S (2001): Testosterone protects cerebellar granule cells from oxidative stress- induced cell death through a receptor mediated mechanism. Brain Res, 892, 255-262.
- Akwa Y, Ladurelle N, Covey DF, Baulieu EE (2001): The synthetic enantiomer of pregnenolone sulfate is very active on memory in rats and mice, even more so than its physiological neurosteroid counterpart: distinct mechanisms? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 14033-14037.
- Azcoitia I, Leonelli E, Magnaghi V, Veiga S, Garcia- Segura LM, Melcangi RC (2003): Progesterone and its derivatives dihydroprogesterone and tetrahydroprogesterone reduce myelin fiber morphological abnormalities and myelin fiber loss in the sciatic nerve of aged rats. Neurobiol Aging, 24, 853-860.
- Baraka AM, Korish AA, Soliman GA, Kamal H (2011): The possible role of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci, 88, 879-885.
- Barger SW, Chavis JA, Drew PD (2000): Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits microglial nitric oxide production in a stimulus-specific manner. J Neurosci Res, 62, 503-509.
- Baulieu E, Schumacher M (2000): Progesterone as a neuroactive neurosteroid, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination. Steroids, 65, 605
- Behl C, Widmann M, Trapp T, Holsboer F (1995): 17- Estradiol protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 216, 473-482.
- Cardounel A, Regelson W, Kalimi M (1999): Dehydroepiandrosterone protects hippocampal neurons against neurotoxin-induced cell death: mechanism of action. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 222, 145-149.
- Casas S, García S, Cabrera R, Nanfaro F, Escudero C, Yunes R (2011): Progesterone prevents depression-like behavior in a model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6- hydroxydopamine in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 4, 614-618.
- Charalampopoulos I, Tsatsanis C, Dermitzaki E, Alexaki VI, Castanas E, Margioris AN, Gravanis A (2004): Dehydroepiandrosterone and allopregnanolone protect sympathoadrenal medulla cells against apoptosis via antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 8209–8214.
- Compagnone NA, Bulfone A, Rubenstein JL, Mellon SH (1995): Steroidogenic enzyme P450c17 is expressed in the embryonic central nervous system. Endocrinology, 136, 5212–5223
- Cordellini MF, Piazzetta G, Pinto KC, Delattre AM, Matheussi F, Carolino RO, Szawka RE, Anselmo- Franci JA, Ferraz AC (2011): Effect of different doses of estrogen on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in two 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion models of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res, 36, 955-961.
- Corpéchot C, Synguelakis M, Talha S, Axelson M, Sjövall J, Vihko R, Baulieu EE, Robel P (1983): Pregnenolone and is sulfate ester in rat brain. Brain Res, 270, 119-125.
- Curry JJ 3rd, Heim LM (1966): Brain myelination after neonatal administration of oestradiol. Nature, 209, 915- 916.
- Çiftci G, Yarım GF, Yarım M, Karayiğit MO, Çenesiz S, Nisbet C, Gültiken ME (2011): The effects of aging on central nervous system steroid prophiles and myelin basic protein in rats. Aging Clin Exp Res, (In Press).
- Darnaudéry M, Pallarès M, Piazza PV, Le Moal M, MayoW (2002): The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate infused into the medial septum nucleus increases hippocampal acetylcholine and spatial memory in rats. Brain Res, 951, 237-242.
- De Nicola AF, Labombarda F, González Deniselle MC, González SL, Garay L, Meyer M, Gargiulo G, Guennoun R, Schumacher M (2009): Progesterone neuroprotection in traumatic CNS injury and motoneuron degeneration. Front Neuroendocrinol, 30, 173-187.
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- Drew PD, Chavis JA (2000): Sex steroid regulation of microglial cell activation: relevance to multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol, 111, 77-85.
- Garay L, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Gierman L, Meyer M, Lima A, Roig P, De Nicola AF (2008): Steroid protection in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation, 15, 76-83.
- Garcia-Segura LM, Wozniak A, Azcoitia I, Rodriguez JR, Hutchison RE, Hutchison JB (1999): Aromatase expression by astrocytes after brain injury: implications for local estrogen formation in brain repair. Neuroscience, 89, 567-578.
- George MS, Guidotti A, Rubinow D, Pan B, Mikalauskas K, Post RM (1994): CSF neuroactive steroids in affective disorders: pregnenolone, progesterone and DBI. Biol Psychiatry, 35, 775-780.
- Green PS, Simpkins JW (2000): Neuroprotective effects of estrogens: potential mechanisms of action. Int J Dev Neurosci, 18, 347-358.
- He J, Evans CO, Hoffman SW, Oyesiku NM, Stein DG (2004): Progesterone and allopregnanolone reduce inflammatory cytokines after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol, 189, 404-412.
- Hojo Y, Hattori TA, Enami T, Furukawa A, Suzuki K, Ishii HT, Mukai H, Morrison JH, Janssen WG, Kominami S, Harada N, Kimoto T, Kawato S (2004): Adult male rat hippocampus synthesizes estradiol from pregnenolone by cytochromes P45017alpha and P450 aromatase localized in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101, 865-870.
- Ibanez C, Shields SA, El-Etr M, Baulieu EE, Schumacher M, Franklin RJ (2004): Systemic progesterone administration results in a partial reversal of the age- associated decline in CNS remyelination following toxin- induced demyelination in male rats. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 30, 80-89.
- Ivanova T, Beyer C (2000): Ontogenetic expression and sex differences of aromatase and estrogen receptor- alpha/beta mRNA in the mouse hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res, 300, 231–237
- Karahan S, Yarım GF, Yarım M (2007): Choroid epithelial cells: source cerebrospinal fluid progesterone in sheep?. Med Weter, 63, 935-937
- Kavaliers M, Wiebe JP (1987): Analgesic effects of the progesterone metabolite, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha- pregnan-20-one, and possible modes of action in mice. Brain Res, 415, 393-398.
- Kim S, Liva SM, Dalal MA, Verity MA, Voskuhl RR (1999): Estriol ameliorates autoimmune demyelinating disease: implications for multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 52, 1230-1238.
- Kimonides VG, Khatibi NH, Svendsen CN, Sofroniew MV, Herbert J (1998): Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) protect hippocampal neurons against excitatory amino acid-induced neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 1852-1857.
- Kipper-Galperin M, Galilly R, Danenberg HD, Brenner T (1999): Dehydroepiandrosterone selectively inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 [correction of interlukin-6] in astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci, 17, 765-775.
- Ladurelle N, Eychenne B, Denton D, Blair-West J, Schumacher M, Robel P, Baulieu E (2000): Prolonged intracerebroventricular infusion of neurosteroids affects cognitive performances in the mouse. Brain Res, 858, 371
- Mayo W, Lemaire V, Malaterre J, Rodriguez JJ, Cayre M, Stewart MG, Kharouby M, Rougon G, Le Moal M, Piazza PV, Abrous DN (2005): Pregnenolone sulfate enhances neurogenesis and PSA-NCAM in young and aged hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging, 26, 103-114.
- Mc Ewen BS, Biegon A, Davis PG, Krey LC, Luine VN, McGinnis MY, Paden CM, Parsons B, Rainbow TC (1982): Steroid hormones: humoral signals which alter brain cell properties and functions. Recent Prog Horm Res, 38, 41-92.
- Mellon SH, Deschepper CF (1993): Neurosteroid biosynthesis: genes for adrenal steroidogenic enzymes are expressed in the brain. Brain Res, 629, 283-292.
- Meyer L, Patte-Mensah C, Taleb O, Mensah-Nyagan AG (2011): Allopregnanolone prevents and suppresses oxaliplatin-evoked painful neuropathy: multi-parametric assessment and direct evidence. Pain, 152, 170-181.
- Meziane H, Mathis C, Paul SM, Ungerer A (1996): The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate reduces learning deficits induced by scopolamine and has promnestic effects in mice performing an appetitive learning task. Psychopharmacology, 126, 323-330.
- Morissette M, Al Sweidi S, Callier S, Di Paolo T (2008): Estrogen and SERM neuroprotection in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 290, 60-69.
- Perez-Alvarez MJ, Maza MD, Anton M, Ordoñez L, Wandosell F (2012): Post-ischemic estradiol treatment reduced glial response and triggers distinct cortical and hippocampal signaling in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflamm, 9, 157.
- Peruffo A, Giacomello M, Montelli S, Corain L, Cozzi B (2011): Expression and localization of aromatase P450AROM, estrogen receptor-α, and estrogen receptor-β in the developing fetal bovine frontal cortex. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 172, 211-217.
- Peterson RS, Saldanha CJ, Schlinger BA (2001): Rapid upregulation of aromatase mRNA and protein following neural injury in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). J Neuroendocrinol, 4, 317-323.
- Pettus EH, Wright DW, Stein DG, Hoffman SW (2005): Progesterone treatment inhibits the inflammatory agents that accompany traumatic brain injury. Brain Res, 1049, 112-119.
- Phillipps GH (1975): Structure-activity relationships in steroidal anaesthetics. J Steroid Biochem, 6, 607-613.
- Robel P, Baulieu EE (1985): Neuro-steroids, 3β-hydroxy- Δ-5-derivatives in the rodent brain. Neurochem Int, 7, 953- 958.
- Robel P, Bourreau E, Corpechot C, Dang DC, Halberg F, Clarke C, Haug M, Schlegel ML, Synguelakis M, Vourch C (1987): Neuro-steroids: 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5- derivatives in rat and monkey brain. J Steroid Biochem, 27, 649-655.
- Sicotte NL, Liva SM, Klutch R, Pfeiffer P, Bouvier S, Odesa S, Wu TC, Voskuhl RR (2002): Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estriol. Ann Neurol, 52, 421-428.
- Takao T, Flint N, Lee L, Ying X, Merrill J, Chandross KJ (2004): 17beta-estradiol protects oligodendrocytes from cytotoxicity induced cell death. J Neurochem, 89, 660-673.
- Takase M, Ukena K, Yamazaki T, Kominami S, Tsutsui K (1999): Pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme in the amphibian brain and their seasonal changes. Endocrinology, 140, 1936-1944.
- Tehranipour M, Moghimi A (2010): Neuroprotective effects of testosterone on regenerating spinal cord motoneurons in rats. J Mot Behav, 42, 151-155.
- Ukena K, Kohchi C, Tsutsui K (1999): Expression and activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4- isomerase in the rat Purkinje neuron during neonatal life. Endocrinology, 140, 805-813.
- Ukena K, Usui M, Kohchi C, Tsutsui K (1998): Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme in the cerebellar Purkinje neuron and its neonatal change in rats. Endocrinology, 139, 137-147.
- Vandromme M, Melton SM, Kerby JD (2008): Progesterone in traumatic brain injury: time to move on to phase III trials. Crit Care, 12, 153.
- Wang JM, Singh C, Liu L, Irwin RW, Chen S, Chung EJ, Thompson RF, Brinton RD (2010): Allopregnanolone reverses neurogenic and cognitive deficits in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107, 6498-6503.
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Year 2013,
Volume: 60 Issue: 1, 79 - 83, 01.03.2013
Abstract
Steroid synthesized from cholesterol in the central nervous system independently of gonads and adrenal glands has been defined as neurosteroids. Neurosteroids are synthesized in many species of vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. Neurosteroids affects the many brain functions. The expression of enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of neurosteroids and the neurosteroid levels are changes in diseases of the nervous system. It has been well documented that neurosteroids protective role on the neurons. Neurosteroids reduces the disorders associated with nervous system in neurodegenerative diseases and can be used as preventive and therapeutic in these diseases
Keywords
References
- Acs P, Kipp M, Norkute A, Johann S, Clarner T, Braun A, Berente Z, Komoly S, Beyer C (2009): 17β- estradiol and progesterone prevent cuprizone provoked demyelination of corpus callosum in male mice. Glia, 57, 807-814.
- Ahlbom E, Prins GS, Ceccatelli S (2001): Testosterone protects cerebellar granule cells from oxidative stress- induced cell death through a receptor mediated mechanism. Brain Res, 892, 255-262.
- Akwa Y, Ladurelle N, Covey DF, Baulieu EE (2001): The synthetic enantiomer of pregnenolone sulfate is very active on memory in rats and mice, even more so than its physiological neurosteroid counterpart: distinct mechanisms? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 14033-14037.
- Azcoitia I, Leonelli E, Magnaghi V, Veiga S, Garcia- Segura LM, Melcangi RC (2003): Progesterone and its derivatives dihydroprogesterone and tetrahydroprogesterone reduce myelin fiber morphological abnormalities and myelin fiber loss in the sciatic nerve of aged rats. Neurobiol Aging, 24, 853-860.
- Baraka AM, Korish AA, Soliman GA, Kamal H (2011): The possible role of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci, 88, 879-885.
- Barger SW, Chavis JA, Drew PD (2000): Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits microglial nitric oxide production in a stimulus-specific manner. J Neurosci Res, 62, 503-509.
- Baulieu E, Schumacher M (2000): Progesterone as a neuroactive neurosteroid, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination. Steroids, 65, 605
- Behl C, Widmann M, Trapp T, Holsboer F (1995): 17- Estradiol protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 216, 473-482.
- Cardounel A, Regelson W, Kalimi M (1999): Dehydroepiandrosterone protects hippocampal neurons against neurotoxin-induced cell death: mechanism of action. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 222, 145-149.
- Casas S, García S, Cabrera R, Nanfaro F, Escudero C, Yunes R (2011): Progesterone prevents depression-like behavior in a model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6- hydroxydopamine in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 4, 614-618.
- Charalampopoulos I, Tsatsanis C, Dermitzaki E, Alexaki VI, Castanas E, Margioris AN, Gravanis A (2004): Dehydroepiandrosterone and allopregnanolone protect sympathoadrenal medulla cells against apoptosis via antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 8209–8214.
- Compagnone NA, Bulfone A, Rubenstein JL, Mellon SH (1995): Steroidogenic enzyme P450c17 is expressed in the embryonic central nervous system. Endocrinology, 136, 5212–5223
- Cordellini MF, Piazzetta G, Pinto KC, Delattre AM, Matheussi F, Carolino RO, Szawka RE, Anselmo- Franci JA, Ferraz AC (2011): Effect of different doses of estrogen on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in two 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion models of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res, 36, 955-961.
- Corpéchot C, Synguelakis M, Talha S, Axelson M, Sjövall J, Vihko R, Baulieu EE, Robel P (1983): Pregnenolone and is sulfate ester in rat brain. Brain Res, 270, 119-125.
- Curry JJ 3rd, Heim LM (1966): Brain myelination after neonatal administration of oestradiol. Nature, 209, 915- 916.
- Çiftci G, Yarım GF, Yarım M, Karayiğit MO, Çenesiz S, Nisbet C, Gültiken ME (2011): The effects of aging on central nervous system steroid prophiles and myelin basic protein in rats. Aging Clin Exp Res, (In Press).
- Darnaudéry M, Pallarès M, Piazza PV, Le Moal M, MayoW (2002): The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate infused into the medial septum nucleus increases hippocampal acetylcholine and spatial memory in rats. Brain Res, 951, 237-242.
- De Nicola AF, Labombarda F, González Deniselle MC, González SL, Garay L, Meyer M, Gargiulo G, Guennoun R, Schumacher M (2009): Progesterone neuroprotection in traumatic CNS injury and motoneuron degeneration. Front Neuroendocrinol, 30, 173-187.
- Djebaili M, Guo Q, Pettus EH, Hoffman SW, Stein DG (2005): allopregnanolone reduce cell death, gliosis, and functional deficits after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma, 22, 106-118.
- Drew PD, Chavis JA (2000): Sex steroid regulation of microglial cell activation: relevance to multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol, 111, 77-85.
- Garay L, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Gierman L, Meyer M, Lima A, Roig P, De Nicola AF (2008): Steroid protection in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation, 15, 76-83.
- Garcia-Segura LM, Wozniak A, Azcoitia I, Rodriguez JR, Hutchison RE, Hutchison JB (1999): Aromatase expression by astrocytes after brain injury: implications for local estrogen formation in brain repair. Neuroscience, 89, 567-578.
- George MS, Guidotti A, Rubinow D, Pan B, Mikalauskas K, Post RM (1994): CSF neuroactive steroids in affective disorders: pregnenolone, progesterone and DBI. Biol Psychiatry, 35, 775-780.
- Green PS, Simpkins JW (2000): Neuroprotective effects of estrogens: potential mechanisms of action. Int J Dev Neurosci, 18, 347-358.
- He J, Evans CO, Hoffman SW, Oyesiku NM, Stein DG (2004): Progesterone and allopregnanolone reduce inflammatory cytokines after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol, 189, 404-412.
- Hojo Y, Hattori TA, Enami T, Furukawa A, Suzuki K, Ishii HT, Mukai H, Morrison JH, Janssen WG, Kominami S, Harada N, Kimoto T, Kawato S (2004): Adult male rat hippocampus synthesizes estradiol from pregnenolone by cytochromes P45017alpha and P450 aromatase localized in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101, 865-870.
- Ibanez C, Shields SA, El-Etr M, Baulieu EE, Schumacher M, Franklin RJ (2004): Systemic progesterone administration results in a partial reversal of the age- associated decline in CNS remyelination following toxin- induced demyelination in male rats. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 30, 80-89.
- Ivanova T, Beyer C (2000): Ontogenetic expression and sex differences of aromatase and estrogen receptor- alpha/beta mRNA in the mouse hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res, 300, 231–237
- Karahan S, Yarım GF, Yarım M (2007): Choroid epithelial cells: source cerebrospinal fluid progesterone in sheep?. Med Weter, 63, 935-937
- Kavaliers M, Wiebe JP (1987): Analgesic effects of the progesterone metabolite, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha- pregnan-20-one, and possible modes of action in mice. Brain Res, 415, 393-398.
- Kim S, Liva SM, Dalal MA, Verity MA, Voskuhl RR (1999): Estriol ameliorates autoimmune demyelinating disease: implications for multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 52, 1230-1238.
- Kimonides VG, Khatibi NH, Svendsen CN, Sofroniew MV, Herbert J (1998): Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) protect hippocampal neurons against excitatory amino acid-induced neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 1852-1857.
- Kipper-Galperin M, Galilly R, Danenberg HD, Brenner T (1999): Dehydroepiandrosterone selectively inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 [correction of interlukin-6] in astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci, 17, 765-775.
- Ladurelle N, Eychenne B, Denton D, Blair-West J, Schumacher M, Robel P, Baulieu E (2000): Prolonged intracerebroventricular infusion of neurosteroids affects cognitive performances in the mouse. Brain Res, 858, 371
- Mayo W, Lemaire V, Malaterre J, Rodriguez JJ, Cayre M, Stewart MG, Kharouby M, Rougon G, Le Moal M, Piazza PV, Abrous DN (2005): Pregnenolone sulfate enhances neurogenesis and PSA-NCAM in young and aged hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging, 26, 103-114.
- Mc Ewen BS, Biegon A, Davis PG, Krey LC, Luine VN, McGinnis MY, Paden CM, Parsons B, Rainbow TC (1982): Steroid hormones: humoral signals which alter brain cell properties and functions. Recent Prog Horm Res, 38, 41-92.
- Mellon SH, Deschepper CF (1993): Neurosteroid biosynthesis: genes for adrenal steroidogenic enzymes are expressed in the brain. Brain Res, 629, 283-292.
- Meyer L, Patte-Mensah C, Taleb O, Mensah-Nyagan AG (2011): Allopregnanolone prevents and suppresses oxaliplatin-evoked painful neuropathy: multi-parametric assessment and direct evidence. Pain, 152, 170-181.
- Meziane H, Mathis C, Paul SM, Ungerer A (1996): The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate reduces learning deficits induced by scopolamine and has promnestic effects in mice performing an appetitive learning task. Psychopharmacology, 126, 323-330.
- Morissette M, Al Sweidi S, Callier S, Di Paolo T (2008): Estrogen and SERM neuroprotection in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 290, 60-69.
- Perez-Alvarez MJ, Maza MD, Anton M, Ordoñez L, Wandosell F (2012): Post-ischemic estradiol treatment reduced glial response and triggers distinct cortical and hippocampal signaling in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflamm, 9, 157.
- Peruffo A, Giacomello M, Montelli S, Corain L, Cozzi B (2011): Expression and localization of aromatase P450AROM, estrogen receptor-α, and estrogen receptor-β in the developing fetal bovine frontal cortex. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 172, 211-217.
- Peterson RS, Saldanha CJ, Schlinger BA (2001): Rapid upregulation of aromatase mRNA and protein following neural injury in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). J Neuroendocrinol, 4, 317-323.
- Pettus EH, Wright DW, Stein DG, Hoffman SW (2005): Progesterone treatment inhibits the inflammatory agents that accompany traumatic brain injury. Brain Res, 1049, 112-119.
- Phillipps GH (1975): Structure-activity relationships in steroidal anaesthetics. J Steroid Biochem, 6, 607-613.
- Robel P, Baulieu EE (1985): Neuro-steroids, 3β-hydroxy- Δ-5-derivatives in the rodent brain. Neurochem Int, 7, 953- 958.
- Robel P, Bourreau E, Corpechot C, Dang DC, Halberg F, Clarke C, Haug M, Schlegel ML, Synguelakis M, Vourch C (1987): Neuro-steroids: 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5- derivatives in rat and monkey brain. J Steroid Biochem, 27, 649-655.
- Sicotte NL, Liva SM, Klutch R, Pfeiffer P, Bouvier S, Odesa S, Wu TC, Voskuhl RR (2002): Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estriol. Ann Neurol, 52, 421-428.
- Takao T, Flint N, Lee L, Ying X, Merrill J, Chandross KJ (2004): 17beta-estradiol protects oligodendrocytes from cytotoxicity induced cell death. J Neurochem, 89, 660-673.
- Takase M, Ukena K, Yamazaki T, Kominami S, Tsutsui K (1999): Pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme in the amphibian brain and their seasonal changes. Endocrinology, 140, 1936-1944.
- Tehranipour M, Moghimi A (2010): Neuroprotective effects of testosterone on regenerating spinal cord motoneurons in rats. J Mot Behav, 42, 151-155.
- Ukena K, Kohchi C, Tsutsui K (1999): Expression and activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4- isomerase in the rat Purkinje neuron during neonatal life. Endocrinology, 140, 805-813.
- Ukena K, Usui M, Kohchi C, Tsutsui K (1998): Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme in the cerebellar Purkinje neuron and its neonatal change in rats. Endocrinology, 139, 137-147.
- Vandromme M, Melton SM, Kerby JD (2008): Progesterone in traumatic brain injury: time to move on to phase III trials. Crit Care, 12, 153.
- Wang JM, Singh C, Liu L, Irwin RW, Chen S, Chung EJ, Thompson RF, Brinton RD (2010): Allopregnanolone reverses neurogenic and cognitive deficits in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107, 6498-6503.
- Winfree CJ, Coombs DW, DeLeo JA, Colburn RW (1992): Analgesic effects of intrathecally-administered 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one in a rat 66. Zwain IH, Yen SS, Cheng CY (1997): Astrocytes mechanical visceral pain model. Life Sci, 50, 1007-1012.
- Wise PM, Dubal DB, Wilson ME, Rau SW (2000): Estradiol is a neuroprotective factor in in vivo and in vitro models of brain injury. J Neurocytol, 29, 401-410.
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There are 66 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA96JV38NH |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2013 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2013Volume: 60 Issue: 1 |