Evaluation of spinal somatosensory evoked potentials in cats with traumatic spinal cord injury without deep pain perception
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to present tibial somatosensory evoked potential findings in 25 cats that naturally acquired traumatic spinal cord injury between T9–L4 vertebrae. Cats without deep pain perception after spinal trauma were included. The potentials recorded from scalp, and one spinal segment caudal and one rostral to the injured site were evaluated as normal, incomplete injury potentials, complete injury potentials, major deformation and isoelectric line. Somatosensory evoked potentials could not be recorded from scalp except for one case in which the latency was 12.4 ms. In caudal area of trauma, normal potentials (n=9), incomplete injury potentials (n=6), complete injury potentials (n=4), major deformation (n= 3), isoelectric line (n=3) were seen. In rostral area of trauma, incomplete injury (n=1) and complete injury potentials (n=2), isoelectric line (n=18), major deformation (n= 3) were seen. In conclusion, rostral part of injured site had more extensive signs of damage which was represented by the isoelectric line, complete injury potentials or major deformation in trace morphology than the caudal area, though caudal area of the injured site was also affected in many cases. The somatosensory evoked and spinal cord evoked potentials can be used as an ancillary diagnostic tool for determination of functional integrity of the ascending tracts of the spinal cord in cats
Keywords
References
- Agrawal G, Sherman D, Thakor N, All A (2008): A Nowel Shape Analysis Technique for Somatosensory evoked Potentials. 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 20-24.
- Bailey CS (1984): Patterns of Cutaneous Anesthesia Associated with Brachial Plexus Avulsion in the Dog. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 185: 889-899.
- Besalti O, Ozak A, Senel OO, Eminaga S, Gokce AP, Sener HO (2007):Scalp and Thoracolumbar Recorded Somatosensory Potentials Evoked by Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Cats. Vet Neurol Neurosurg J. 9:1.
- Cracco RQ, Evans B (1978): Spinal Evoked Potential in the Cat: Effects of Asphyxia, Strychnine, Cord Section and Compression. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 44: 187-201.
- Cuddon PA, Delauche AJ, Hutchison JM (1999): Assessment of dorsal nerve root and spinal cord dorsal horn function in clinically normal dogs by determination of cord dorsal potentials. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60: 222–226.
- Hayton SM, Kriss A, Muller DPR (1999): Comparison of effects of four anesthetic agents on somatosensory evoked potentials in the rat. Laboratory Animals, 33: 243- 251.
- Hoerlein BF (1965): Canine Neurology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 1965; 7–23. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders.
- Holliday TA, Weldon NE, Ealand BG (1979): Percutaneus recording of evoked spinal cord potentials of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 40: 326- 333
- Holliday TA (2003): Volume conduction principles in clinical neurophysiology. Part C. Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Published online at http://www.neurovet.org/Electrophysiology/VolumeCondu ction.
- Jou IM (2000): Effectsof Core Body temperature on Changes in Spinal Somatosensory – Evoked Potential in Acute SpinalCord Compression Injury: An Experimetal Study in the Rats. Spine25, 15,1878-1885.
- Kim NH, Yang IH, Song IK (1994): Electrodiagnostic and histologic changes of graded caudal compression on cauda equina in dog. Spine 1994; 19: 1054-1062.
- Laschinger JC, Cunningham JN, Baumann FG (1987): Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 1987; 9: 260-265.
- Nordwall A, Axelgaard J, Harada Y (1979): Spinal cord monitoring using evoked potentials recorded from feline vertebral bone. Spine, 1979; 4:486-494
- Poncelet L (1999): Electrophysiological assessment of spinal cord function through somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs. Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery Web site, Published online at:http://www.vin.com/NN/Journal.plx? ID=1471082.
- Poncelet L, Michaux CH, Balligand M (1998): Somatosensory potentials in dogs suffering naturally- acquired thoracolumbar spinal cord compression. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59: 300-306.
- Poncelet L, Michaux CH, Balligand M (1993): Effect of body size on tibial somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 54: 178– 182.
- Powers SK, Bolger CA, Edwards MSB (1982): Spinal cord pathways mediating somatosensory evoked potentials. Journal of Neurosurgery, 75: 472–482.
- Redding RW, Lee AH, Wilson SG (1984): Spinal evoked potentials and spinal conduction velocity of the cat: Reference values. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45: 2175–2177.
- Sande RD (1992): Radiography, myelography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, 22: 811–831.
- Sarnowsky RJ, Cracco RQ, Vogel HB, Mount F (1975): Spinal evoked response in the cat. Journal of Neurosurgery, 43:329-336.
- Schramm J, Krause R, Shigeno T, Brock M (1983): Experimental investigation on the spinal cord evoked injury potential. Journal of Neurosurgery, 59: 485–492.
- Sharma HS, Winkler T (2002): Assessment of spinal Cord Pathology Following Trauma Using Early Changes in the Spinal Cord Evoked Potentials: A pharmacological and Morphological Study in the Rat. Spinal Cord Pathology, 11; 83–91.
- Sharma HS, Winkler T, Stalberg E, Olsson Y, Dey PK (1991): Evaluation of Traumatic Spinal Cord Edema Using Evoked Potentials Recorded from the Spinal Epidural Space. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 102: 150–162.
- Sims MH, Selcer RR (1989): Somatosensory-evoked and spinal cord-evoked potentials in response to pudendal and tibial nerve stimulation in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50: 542–545.
- Steiss JE, Wright JC (1990): Maturation of spinal evoked potentials to tibial and ulnar nerve stimulation in clinically normal dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 51: 1427.
- Thompson SE, Moore MP, Lincoln JD (1990): Intraoperative monitoring of sciatic nerve function with somatosensory evoked potentials. Veterinary Surgery, 19: 276–282.
- Wheeler SJ, Sharp NJH (1994): Small Animal Spinal Disorders Diagnosis and Surgery, 31 – 55, Mosby.
- Zileli M, Taniguchi M, Cedzich C, Schramm J (1989): Vestibulospinal Evoked Potentials versus Motor Evoked Potentials Monitoring in Experimental Spinal Cord Injuries of Cats. Acta Neurochirurgica, 101: 141-146.
Derin ağrı duyumu olmayan spinal kord travmalı kedilerde somatosensoriyel uyandırılmışpotansiyellerin değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada; T9-L4’üncü vertebraları arasında travmatik spinal kord yaralanması bulunan 25 adet kedinin tibial somatosensoriyel uyandırılmış potansiyel bulgularının sunulması amaçlandı. Çalışmaya; spinal travma sonrasında derin ağrı duyumu olmayan olgular dahil edildi. Travma alan bölgenin bir segment kaudal ve kranialinden kaydedilen ve kafa derisinden alınan kayıtlar değerlendirildi. Kaudal ve kranial bölgeden elde edilen potansiyeller; normal, tam ya da tam olmayan hasar potansiyeli açısından değerlendirildi. Ayrıca elde edilen potansiyeller normal, minör deformasyon, major deformasyon ve izoelektrik çizgi şeklinde de sınıflandırıldı. Bu çalışmada; 12,4 m/s olarak ölçülen bir tanesi dışında, somatosensoriyel uyandırılmış potansiyeller kafa derisinden kaydedilemedi. Travmanın kaudalinde normal potansiyeller (n=9), tam olmayan hasar potansiyelleri (n=6), tam hasar potansiyelleri (n=4), major deformasyon (n=3) ve izoelektrik çizgi (n=3) gözlendi. Travmanın rostralinde ise tam olmayan hasar potansiyelleri (n=1), tam hasar potansiyelleri (n=2), major deformasyon (n=3) ve izoelektrik çizgi (n=18) izlendi. Bu çalışmada, somatosensoriyel ve spinal kord uyandırılmış potansiyellerinin kedilerde spinal kordun assendens yollarının fonksiyonel bütünlüğünün belirlenmesine yardımcı bir tanı yöntemi olduğu sonucuna varıldı
Keywords
References
- Agrawal G, Sherman D, Thakor N, All A (2008): A Nowel Shape Analysis Technique for Somatosensory evoked Potentials. 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 20-24.
- Bailey CS (1984): Patterns of Cutaneous Anesthesia Associated with Brachial Plexus Avulsion in the Dog. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 185: 889-899.
- Besalti O, Ozak A, Senel OO, Eminaga S, Gokce AP, Sener HO (2007):Scalp and Thoracolumbar Recorded Somatosensory Potentials Evoked by Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Cats. Vet Neurol Neurosurg J. 9:1.
- Cracco RQ, Evans B (1978): Spinal Evoked Potential in the Cat: Effects of Asphyxia, Strychnine, Cord Section and Compression. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 44: 187-201.
- Cuddon PA, Delauche AJ, Hutchison JM (1999): Assessment of dorsal nerve root and spinal cord dorsal horn function in clinically normal dogs by determination of cord dorsal potentials. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60: 222–226.
- Hayton SM, Kriss A, Muller DPR (1999): Comparison of effects of four anesthetic agents on somatosensory evoked potentials in the rat. Laboratory Animals, 33: 243- 251.
- Hoerlein BF (1965): Canine Neurology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 1965; 7–23. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders.
- Holliday TA, Weldon NE, Ealand BG (1979): Percutaneus recording of evoked spinal cord potentials of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 40: 326- 333
- Holliday TA (2003): Volume conduction principles in clinical neurophysiology. Part C. Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Published online at http://www.neurovet.org/Electrophysiology/VolumeCondu ction.
- Jou IM (2000): Effectsof Core Body temperature on Changes in Spinal Somatosensory – Evoked Potential in Acute SpinalCord Compression Injury: An Experimetal Study in the Rats. Spine25, 15,1878-1885.
- Kim NH, Yang IH, Song IK (1994): Electrodiagnostic and histologic changes of graded caudal compression on cauda equina in dog. Spine 1994; 19: 1054-1062.
- Laschinger JC, Cunningham JN, Baumann FG (1987): Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 1987; 9: 260-265.
- Nordwall A, Axelgaard J, Harada Y (1979): Spinal cord monitoring using evoked potentials recorded from feline vertebral bone. Spine, 1979; 4:486-494
- Poncelet L (1999): Electrophysiological assessment of spinal cord function through somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs. Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery Web site, Published online at:http://www.vin.com/NN/Journal.plx? ID=1471082.
- Poncelet L, Michaux CH, Balligand M (1998): Somatosensory potentials in dogs suffering naturally- acquired thoracolumbar spinal cord compression. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59: 300-306.
- Poncelet L, Michaux CH, Balligand M (1993): Effect of body size on tibial somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 54: 178– 182.
- Powers SK, Bolger CA, Edwards MSB (1982): Spinal cord pathways mediating somatosensory evoked potentials. Journal of Neurosurgery, 75: 472–482.
- Redding RW, Lee AH, Wilson SG (1984): Spinal evoked potentials and spinal conduction velocity of the cat: Reference values. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45: 2175–2177.
- Sande RD (1992): Radiography, myelography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, 22: 811–831.
- Sarnowsky RJ, Cracco RQ, Vogel HB, Mount F (1975): Spinal evoked response in the cat. Journal of Neurosurgery, 43:329-336.
- Schramm J, Krause R, Shigeno T, Brock M (1983): Experimental investigation on the spinal cord evoked injury potential. Journal of Neurosurgery, 59: 485–492.
- Sharma HS, Winkler T (2002): Assessment of spinal Cord Pathology Following Trauma Using Early Changes in the Spinal Cord Evoked Potentials: A pharmacological and Morphological Study in the Rat. Spinal Cord Pathology, 11; 83–91.
- Sharma HS, Winkler T, Stalberg E, Olsson Y, Dey PK (1991): Evaluation of Traumatic Spinal Cord Edema Using Evoked Potentials Recorded from the Spinal Epidural Space. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 102: 150–162.
- Sims MH, Selcer RR (1989): Somatosensory-evoked and spinal cord-evoked potentials in response to pudendal and tibial nerve stimulation in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50: 542–545.
- Steiss JE, Wright JC (1990): Maturation of spinal evoked potentials to tibial and ulnar nerve stimulation in clinically normal dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 51: 1427.
- Thompson SE, Moore MP, Lincoln JD (1990): Intraoperative monitoring of sciatic nerve function with somatosensory evoked potentials. Veterinary Surgery, 19: 276–282.
- Wheeler SJ, Sharp NJH (1994): Small Animal Spinal Disorders Diagnosis and Surgery, 31 – 55, Mosby.
- Zileli M, Taniguchi M, Cedzich C, Schramm J (1989): Vestibulospinal Evoked Potentials versus Motor Evoked Potentials Monitoring in Experimental Spinal Cord Injuries of Cats. Acta Neurochirurgica, 101: 141-146.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA99DK82JV |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2012 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2012Volume: 59 Issue: 1 |