Abstract
This study was carried out for detection of nitric oxide (NO) levels in healthy (Group 1, n:78) and infected (Group 2, n:63) quarters of pregnant heifers. The mean nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were calculated of about 15,58 ± 2,21 µM/ml and 42,69 ± 6,03 µM/ml for Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. A significant difference was found between two groups, statistically (p<0,001). The mean NO concentrations were compared between quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) in Group 2 and measured to be; 38,50 ± 8,47 µM/ml and44,17 ± 7,71µM/ml, respectively (p>0,05). Additionally, lacteal secretions were classified to be thickened and watery according to viscosity. Intramammarial infection rates (IMI) and NO concentrations were compared in low (watery) and high (thickened) viscosity samples. Risk of IMI was found higher in thickened samples than watery (p<0,001). Every 1 unit (µM/ml) increase in the NO concentration boosted the risk of IMI 1,036-fold (p<0,001)
References
- Aarestrup FM, Jensen NE (1997): Prevalence and duration of intramammary infection in Danish heifers during the peripartum period. J Dairy Sci, 80,307–312.
- Blum JW, Dosogne H, Hoeben D, Vangroenweghe F, Hammon HM, Bruckmaier RM, Burvenich C (2000): Tumor necrosis factor-α and nitrite/nitrate responses during mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection and endotoxin in dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 19, 223-235.
- Bouchard L, Blais S, Desrosiers C, Zhao X, Lacasse P (1999): Nitric oxide production during endotoxin-induced mastitis in the cow. J Dairy Sci, 82, 2574-2581.
- Boulanger V, Bouchard L, Zhao X, Lacasse P (2001): Induction of nitric oxide production by bovine mammary epithelial cells and blood leukocytes. J Dairy Sci, 84, 1430-1437.
- Fox LK, Chester ST, Hallberg JW, Nickerson SC, Pankey JW, Weaver LD, (1995): Survey of intramammary infections in dairy heifers at breeding age and first parturition. J Dairy Sci, 78, 1619-1628.
- Gilliam AB, Sherman MD, Griscavage JM, Ignarro LJ (1993): A spectrophotometric assay for nitrate using NADPH oxidation by Aspergillus nitrate reductase. Anal Biochem, 212, 359-365.
- Hallberg JW, Dame KJ, Chester ST, Miller CC, Fox LK, Pankey JW, Nickerson SC, Weaver LJ (1995): The visual appearance and somatic cell count of mammary secretions collected from primigravid heifers during gestation and early postpartum. J Dairy Sci, 78, 1629- 1636.
- Harmon RJ, Eberhart RJ, Langlois DE, Wilson RA (1990): Microbiological Procedures for the Diagnosis of Udder Infection. 1-34. In: National Mastitis Council, 1840 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington,VA.
- Kitchen BJ , Middleton G, Durward IG , Andrews RJ, Salmon MC (1980): Mastitis diagnostic tests to estimate mammary gland epithelial cell damage. J Dairy Sci, 63, 978-983.
- Komine K, Kuroishi T, Komine Y, Watanabe K, Kobayashi J, Yamaguchi T, Kamata S, Kumagai K (2004): Induction of nitric oxide production mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha on staphylococcal enterotoxin C-stimulated bovine mammary gland cells. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 11, 203-210.
- Mc Dougall S, Parker KI, Heuer C, Compton CWR (2009): A review of prevention and control of heifer mastitis via non-antibiotic strategies. Vet Microbiol, 134, 177-185.
- Myllys V (1995): Staphylococci in heifer mastitis before and after parturition. J Dairy Res, 62, 51-60.
- Nickerson SC (2009): Control of heifer mastitis: Antimicrobial treatment – An overwiew. Vet Microbiol, 134, 128-135.
- Onoda M, Inano H (1998): Localization of nitric oxide production in the rat mammary gland. J Histochem Cytochem, 46, 1269-1278.
- Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey BK, Carter GR (1994): Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Wolf Publishing, London, UK.
- Sampimom OC, Barkema HW, Berends IMGA, Sol J, Lam TJGM (2009): Prevalence and herd-level risk factors for intramammary infection with coagulase- negative staphylococci in Dutch dairy herds. Vet Microbiol, 134, 37-44.
- Zhao X, Lacasse P (2008): Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis: Causes and control. J Anim Sci, 86, 57-65.
Abstract
Bu çalışma gebe düvelerin sağlıklı (Grup 1, n:78) ve enfekte (Grup 2, n:63) meme loblarında nitrik oksit düzeylerini belirlemek için planlandı. Grup 1 ve Grup 2 deki ortalama nitrik oksit düzeyleri sırasıyla 15,58 ± 2,21 µM/ml ve 42,69 ± 6,03 µM/ml olarak belirlendi ve iki grup arasında NO düzeyi bakımından istatistiki olarak belirgin bir fark bulundu (p<0,001). Grup 2’de Staphylococcus aureus ve koagulaz negatif stafilokoklar ile enfekte meme loblarındaki ortalama NO düzeyleri kıyaslandı ve sırasıyla; 38,50 ± 8,47 µM/ml ve44,17 ± 7,71µM/ml olarak ölçüldü (p>0,05). Nitrik oksit düzeyine ek olarak lakteal sekresyonları viskozitesine göre yoğun ve sulu olarak sınıflandırıldı. Düşük (sulu) ve yüksek (yoğun) viskoziteli örneklerde meme içi enfeksiyon oranları ve NO konsantrasyonları kıyaslandı. Yoğun örneklerde meme içi enfeksiyon riski, sulu örneklerden daha yüksek bulundu (p<0,001). Nitrik oksit konsantrasyonundaki bir birimlik artışın, enfeksiyon riskini 1,036 kat artırdığı belirlendi (p<0,001)
References
- Aarestrup FM, Jensen NE (1997): Prevalence and duration of intramammary infection in Danish heifers during the peripartum period. J Dairy Sci, 80,307–312.
- Blum JW, Dosogne H, Hoeben D, Vangroenweghe F, Hammon HM, Bruckmaier RM, Burvenich C (2000): Tumor necrosis factor-α and nitrite/nitrate responses during mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection and endotoxin in dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 19, 223-235.
- Bouchard L, Blais S, Desrosiers C, Zhao X, Lacasse P (1999): Nitric oxide production during endotoxin-induced mastitis in the cow. J Dairy Sci, 82, 2574-2581.
- Boulanger V, Bouchard L, Zhao X, Lacasse P (2001): Induction of nitric oxide production by bovine mammary epithelial cells and blood leukocytes. J Dairy Sci, 84, 1430-1437.
- Fox LK, Chester ST, Hallberg JW, Nickerson SC, Pankey JW, Weaver LD, (1995): Survey of intramammary infections in dairy heifers at breeding age and first parturition. J Dairy Sci, 78, 1619-1628.
- Gilliam AB, Sherman MD, Griscavage JM, Ignarro LJ (1993): A spectrophotometric assay for nitrate using NADPH oxidation by Aspergillus nitrate reductase. Anal Biochem, 212, 359-365.
- Hallberg JW, Dame KJ, Chester ST, Miller CC, Fox LK, Pankey JW, Nickerson SC, Weaver LJ (1995): The visual appearance and somatic cell count of mammary secretions collected from primigravid heifers during gestation and early postpartum. J Dairy Sci, 78, 1629- 1636.
- Harmon RJ, Eberhart RJ, Langlois DE, Wilson RA (1990): Microbiological Procedures for the Diagnosis of Udder Infection. 1-34. In: National Mastitis Council, 1840 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington,VA.
- Kitchen BJ , Middleton G, Durward IG , Andrews RJ, Salmon MC (1980): Mastitis diagnostic tests to estimate mammary gland epithelial cell damage. J Dairy Sci, 63, 978-983.
- Komine K, Kuroishi T, Komine Y, Watanabe K, Kobayashi J, Yamaguchi T, Kamata S, Kumagai K (2004): Induction of nitric oxide production mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha on staphylococcal enterotoxin C-stimulated bovine mammary gland cells. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 11, 203-210.
- Mc Dougall S, Parker KI, Heuer C, Compton CWR (2009): A review of prevention and control of heifer mastitis via non-antibiotic strategies. Vet Microbiol, 134, 177-185.
- Myllys V (1995): Staphylococci in heifer mastitis before and after parturition. J Dairy Res, 62, 51-60.
- Nickerson SC (2009): Control of heifer mastitis: Antimicrobial treatment – An overwiew. Vet Microbiol, 134, 128-135.
- Onoda M, Inano H (1998): Localization of nitric oxide production in the rat mammary gland. J Histochem Cytochem, 46, 1269-1278.
- Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey BK, Carter GR (1994): Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Wolf Publishing, London, UK.
- Sampimom OC, Barkema HW, Berends IMGA, Sol J, Lam TJGM (2009): Prevalence and herd-level risk factors for intramammary infection with coagulase- negative staphylococci in Dutch dairy herds. Vet Microbiol, 134, 37-44.
- Zhao X, Lacasse P (2008): Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis: Causes and control. J Anim Sci, 86, 57-65.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA42EU32YM |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 1, 2011 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2011Volume: 58 Issue: 3 |