Carcass composition, meat quality and antibody levels in male and female Broiler chickens reared onlow dietary protein
Abstract
This research was conducted at the University of Ankara, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Farm. The three hundred and sixty of one-day old chicks were seperated to male and female sex groups, and each sex group were also divided in to control, experiment 1 and 2 groups. Regimen feeding programme applied as crude protein 23.10 % from 1 to 11 days for all groups; 21.80, 20.20 and 18.40 % from 11 to 31 days for control, experiment 1 and 2 respectively. All groups were fed with % 18.40 crude protein from 32 to 47 days of age. Metabolic energy levels were 3117.80, 3083.69 and 3120.55 kcal / kg for all diet periods respectively. Animals were slaughtered at 40 and 47 days of age. Body weights at 47th day for males in experiment 1 and control groups were found similars (3075 ve 3086 g). The best feed conversion rate was found in males of experiment 1 groups (1.643 ve 1.763). Dressing, chilled dressing, breast, thigh and wing weights in males were found heavier (p<0.05, p<0.01) than females and similar in males of experiment 1 and control. The abdominal fat weight were high (p<0.001) in female and control groups. The average values estimated for the meat pH was similar in male and female as well as in experiments and control groups. Lightness, redness and yellowness (L*, a*, b*) values were high in females, water holding capacities were similar, cooking losses value was high in both male and experiments (p<0.01). While the crude protein values in experiment groups were high among groups, the intramuscular fat content was statistically similar. The percentage of crude ash and dry matter were high (p<0.001) in control, the saturated fatty acid was similar, mono and polyunsaturated and omega-6 fatty acid were also similar or high in experiment groups. Antibody response to sheep red blood cell was found to be high (p<0.05) in control groups. In conclusion the body weight and feed conversion ratios were found high in male groups. The growth performance and carcass yield of male groups in experiment 1 were similar to control. There were no significant differences for meat quality and viability. Omega-6 in experiments over groups and antibody response in control were high. Hence sex separate rearing and diet programme in experiment 1 could be suggested in practical application
References
- Abdulkalykova S, Ruiz – Feria C.A (2006): Arginine and vitamin E improve the cellular and humoral immune response of broiler. Int J of Poult Sci, 5, 121 - 127.
- Anonim (1987): Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE) Yayınları. Tavuk gövde eti (karkas) parçalama kuralları. Necatibey Cad. 112 Bakanlıklar – Ankara.
- Anonim (1993): SPSS Ststistical Package in Social Sciences for Windows. Statistical Innovations Inc., Chicago, USA.
- Anonim (2005): Broiler Management Program. Lohman Indian Rıver. GmbH and Co. KG. D- 27454 Cuxhaven.
- AOAC (1990): Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemicals, Washington, DC, USA.
- Auckland J N, Morris TR (1971a): Compensatory growth in turkeys; effect of under nutrition on subsequent protein requirements. British Poult Sci, 12, 41– 48.
- Auckland J, Morris T (1971b): Compensatory growth after undernutrition in market turkeys; effect of low protein feeding and realimentation on body composition. British Poult Sci, 12, 137 - 150.
- Atasoy F (1997): Broiler sürülerinde cinsiyete göre ayrı büyütmenin ve erken dönemde kısa süreli yem kısıtlamasının verim özelliklerine etkisi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 44, 215 – 223.
- Ballay M, Dunnington EE, Gross WB, Siegel PB (1992): Restricted feeding and broiler performance: Age at initiation and length of restriction. Poult Sci, 71, 440 – 447.
- Barton-Gade PA, Demeyer D, Honıkel KO, Joseph RL, Puolanne E, Severını M, SmuldersF, Tonberg E (1993): Reference methods for water holding capacity in meat and meat products: Procedures recommended by an OECD working group. 39th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology, Calgary, File S4 Po2,WP.
- Ben Nathan D, Heller ED, Perek M (1977): The effect of starvation on antibody production of chicks. Poult Sci, 56, 1468 – 1471.
- Bilgili SF, Alley MA, Hess JB (2006): Influence of age and sex on footpad quality and yield in broiler chickens reared on low and high density diets. J App Poult Res, 15, 433 – 441.
- Bölükbaşı ŞC (2006): Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on broiler performance, serum lipoprotein content, muscle fatty acid composition and meat quality during refrigerated storage. British Poult Sci, 47, 470- 476.
- Calvert CC, Mc Murtry J, Brocht D (1989): Effect of 6 and 12 day early feed restriction on composition of gain in broilers. Official J Poult Sci Ass İnc P: 68.
- Castellini C, Mugnai C, Dal Bosco A (2002): Effect of organic production system on broiler carcass and meat quality. Meat Sci, 60, 219- 225.
- Çelik S, Demirel M (2004): İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı bakımından omega yağ asitleri konjuge linoleik asitin önemi. YYÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Derg, 9, 25-35.
- Fisher C (1984): Fat deposition in broilers. 37-470 Proc. In: Wiseman J (Ed) Fats in Animal Nutrition. Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham (37th), Butterworth, London, UK.
- Fuller H. L. (1976) Protein and energy levels for broiler. 127 – 133 Proc. Georgia Nutr. Conf.
- Grey TC, Robinson D, Jones JM (1982): Effect of age and sex on the eviscerated yield, muscle and edible of a commercial broiler strain. British Poult Sci, 68, 359 – 368.
- Hangalapura BN, Nieuwland MGB, De Vires Reilingh G, Buyse J, (2005): Severe feed restriction enhances innate immunity but suppresses cellular immunity in chicken lines divergently selected for antibody responses. Poult Sci, 84, 1520 – 1529.
- Honikel KO (1998): Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat. Meat Sci, 49, 447- 457.
- Jones GPD, Farell DJ (1989): Early – life food restriction of broiler chickens. 1. Methodes of application, amino acid supplementation and the age at which restrictions should commence. British Poult Sci, 68, 344 – 351.
- Leenstra FR, (1986): Effect of age, sex, genotype and environment on fat deposition in broiler chickens- A review. World’s Poult Sci J, 42, 12-25.
- Lippens M, Room G, De Groote G, Decuypere E (2000): Early and temporary quantitstive food of broiler chickens. 1. Effects on performance characteristics, mortality and meat quality. British Poult Sci, 41, 343-354.
- Lu L, Ji C, Luo XG, Liu B, Yu SX (2006): The effect of supplemental manganese in broiler diets on abdominal fat deposition and meat quality. Animal Feed Sci & Tech, 129, 49- 59.
- Moran Jr ET (1979): Carcass quality changes with the broiler chicken after dietary protein restriction during the growing phase and finishing period compansatory growth. Poult Sci, 58, 1257 – 1270.
- Pasternak H, Shalev BA (1983): Genetics–economic evaluations of traits in a broiler enterprise: reduction of food intake due to increased growth rate. British Poult Sci, 24, 531- 536.
- Pinchasov Y, Jensen LS (1989): Comparison of physical and chemical mesns of feed restriction in broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 68, 61 – 69.
- Plavnik I, Hurwitz S (1985): The performance of broiler chicks during and following a severe feed restriction at en early age. Poult Sci, 64, 348-355.
- Plavnik I, McMurtry JP, Rosebrough RW (1986): Effects of early feed restriction in broilers. 1. Growth performance and carcass composition. Growth, 50, 68 – 76.
- Plavnik I, Hurwits S (1988): Early feed restriction in chicks: Effect of age, duration and sex. Poult Sci, 67, 384 – 390.
- Plavnik I, Hurwitz S (1990): Performance of broiler chickens and turkey poults subjected to feed restriction or to feding of low protein or low sodium diets at an early age. Poult Sci, 69, 945 – 952.
- Qiao M, Fletcher DL, Smith DP (2002): Effects of raw broiler breast meat color variation on marination and cooked meat quality. Poult Sci, 81, 276– 280
- Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP, Vasilatos – Younken R (1999): Dietary fat and protein intraction in broilers. Poult Sci, 78, 992 – 998.
- Ryhanen EL, Perttila S, Tupasela T, Valaja J (2007): Effect of Camelina sativa expeller cake on performance and meat quality of broilers. J Sci Food and Agric, 87, 1489-1494.
- Smith ER, Pesti GM (1998): Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein of the performance of broilers. Poult Sci, 77, 276-281.
- Twining PV, Thomas OP, Bossard EH (1974): The effect of amino acid and protein level on body composition of broilers. Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf. (Page 89 – 95).
- Yu MW, Robinson FE (1992): The application of short term feed restriction to broiler chickens production: A review. J Appl Poult Res, 1, 147 – 153.
Kısıtlı protein ile beslenen erkek ve dişi broilerlerde karkas özellikleri, et kalitesi ve bağışıklık düzeyleri
Abstract
Araştırma Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Çiftliğinde yürütülmüştür. Üçyüzaltmış adet 1 günlük civcivler, erkek (e) ve dişi (d) cinsiyet gruplarına ve her cinsiyet grubu da 60’ar civciv kapsayacak şekilde kontrol (K), deneme 1 (D1) ve deneme 2 (D2) olarak ayrılmıştır. Tüm gruplara 1-11 günlerde % 23.10, 11-31 günlerde ise K, D1 ve D2’ye sırasıyla % 21.80, 20.20 ve 18.40 proteinli rasyon verilmiştir. 32 – 47 günler arası tüm gruplar %18.40 proteinli rasyonla beslenmiştir. Metabolik enerji ise dönemlere göre sırasıyla 3117.80, 3083.69 ve 3120.55 kcal/kg olmuştur. Kesimler 40 ve 47 günlük yaşta yapılmıştır. Canlı ağırlıklar (CA) deneme 1 ve kontrol grubu erkeklerde (3075 ve 3086 g) benzer bulunmuştur. Yemden yararlanma oranı (YYO) her iki kesim yaşında da en iyi deneme 1 erkek gruplarında (1.643 ve 1.763) tespit edilmiştir. Sıcak ve soğuk karkas, göğüs, but ve kanat ağırlıkları ve oranları tüm gruplarda ve her iki kesim yaşında erkeklerde dişilere göre yüksek (p<0.05, p<0.01), deneme 1 erkeklerde kontrol grubuna benzer olarak bulunmuştur. Karın yağı oranları dişilerde ve kontrol gruplarında yüksek (p<0.001) bulunmuştur. Etin pH’sı cinsiyet ve besleme gruplarında benzer bulunmuştur. Etin renk özelliklerinden olan parlaklık, kırmızılık ve sarılık (L*, a, b*) dişilerde yüksek, damlama kaybı benzer, pişirme kaybı ise erkeklerde ve deneme gruplarında yüksek (p<0.01), protein oranı deneme gruplarında yüksek, yağ oranı benzer, kuru madde ve kül kontrol grubunda yüksek (p<0.001), doymuş yağ asidi benzer, tekli doymamış, aşırı doymamış ve omega-6 yağ asitleri benzer veya deneme gruplarında yüksek bulunmuştur. Koyun eritrositine karşı oluşan antikor yanıtı kontrol gruplarında yüksektir (p<0.01; p<0.05). Sonuç olarak besi performansı ve karkas özellikleri deneme 1 erkeklerde kontrole benzer, et kalitesi ve yaşama gücü bakımından gruplar arası farklılık önemsiz, omega-6 yağ asidi deneme gruplarında yüksek, antikor titreleri ise kontrol grubunda yüksektir. Dolayısıyla erkeklerin dişilerden ayrı büyütülmesinin ve deneme 1’de uygulanan kısıtlı protein uygulanmasının pratikte uygulanabileceği söylenebilir
References
- Abdulkalykova S, Ruiz – Feria C.A (2006): Arginine and vitamin E improve the cellular and humoral immune response of broiler. Int J of Poult Sci, 5, 121 - 127.
- Anonim (1987): Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE) Yayınları. Tavuk gövde eti (karkas) parçalama kuralları. Necatibey Cad. 112 Bakanlıklar – Ankara.
- Anonim (1993): SPSS Ststistical Package in Social Sciences for Windows. Statistical Innovations Inc., Chicago, USA.
- Anonim (2005): Broiler Management Program. Lohman Indian Rıver. GmbH and Co. KG. D- 27454 Cuxhaven.
- AOAC (1990): Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemicals, Washington, DC, USA.
- Auckland J N, Morris TR (1971a): Compensatory growth in turkeys; effect of under nutrition on subsequent protein requirements. British Poult Sci, 12, 41– 48.
- Auckland J, Morris T (1971b): Compensatory growth after undernutrition in market turkeys; effect of low protein feeding and realimentation on body composition. British Poult Sci, 12, 137 - 150.
- Atasoy F (1997): Broiler sürülerinde cinsiyete göre ayrı büyütmenin ve erken dönemde kısa süreli yem kısıtlamasının verim özelliklerine etkisi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 44, 215 – 223.
- Ballay M, Dunnington EE, Gross WB, Siegel PB (1992): Restricted feeding and broiler performance: Age at initiation and length of restriction. Poult Sci, 71, 440 – 447.
- Barton-Gade PA, Demeyer D, Honıkel KO, Joseph RL, Puolanne E, Severını M, SmuldersF, Tonberg E (1993): Reference methods for water holding capacity in meat and meat products: Procedures recommended by an OECD working group. 39th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology, Calgary, File S4 Po2,WP.
- Ben Nathan D, Heller ED, Perek M (1977): The effect of starvation on antibody production of chicks. Poult Sci, 56, 1468 – 1471.
- Bilgili SF, Alley MA, Hess JB (2006): Influence of age and sex on footpad quality and yield in broiler chickens reared on low and high density diets. J App Poult Res, 15, 433 – 441.
- Bölükbaşı ŞC (2006): Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on broiler performance, serum lipoprotein content, muscle fatty acid composition and meat quality during refrigerated storage. British Poult Sci, 47, 470- 476.
- Calvert CC, Mc Murtry J, Brocht D (1989): Effect of 6 and 12 day early feed restriction on composition of gain in broilers. Official J Poult Sci Ass İnc P: 68.
- Castellini C, Mugnai C, Dal Bosco A (2002): Effect of organic production system on broiler carcass and meat quality. Meat Sci, 60, 219- 225.
- Çelik S, Demirel M (2004): İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı bakımından omega yağ asitleri konjuge linoleik asitin önemi. YYÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Derg, 9, 25-35.
- Fisher C (1984): Fat deposition in broilers. 37-470 Proc. In: Wiseman J (Ed) Fats in Animal Nutrition. Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham (37th), Butterworth, London, UK.
- Fuller H. L. (1976) Protein and energy levels for broiler. 127 – 133 Proc. Georgia Nutr. Conf.
- Grey TC, Robinson D, Jones JM (1982): Effect of age and sex on the eviscerated yield, muscle and edible of a commercial broiler strain. British Poult Sci, 68, 359 – 368.
- Hangalapura BN, Nieuwland MGB, De Vires Reilingh G, Buyse J, (2005): Severe feed restriction enhances innate immunity but suppresses cellular immunity in chicken lines divergently selected for antibody responses. Poult Sci, 84, 1520 – 1529.
- Honikel KO (1998): Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat. Meat Sci, 49, 447- 457.
- Jones GPD, Farell DJ (1989): Early – life food restriction of broiler chickens. 1. Methodes of application, amino acid supplementation and the age at which restrictions should commence. British Poult Sci, 68, 344 – 351.
- Leenstra FR, (1986): Effect of age, sex, genotype and environment on fat deposition in broiler chickens- A review. World’s Poult Sci J, 42, 12-25.
- Lippens M, Room G, De Groote G, Decuypere E (2000): Early and temporary quantitstive food of broiler chickens. 1. Effects on performance characteristics, mortality and meat quality. British Poult Sci, 41, 343-354.
- Lu L, Ji C, Luo XG, Liu B, Yu SX (2006): The effect of supplemental manganese in broiler diets on abdominal fat deposition and meat quality. Animal Feed Sci & Tech, 129, 49- 59.
- Moran Jr ET (1979): Carcass quality changes with the broiler chicken after dietary protein restriction during the growing phase and finishing period compansatory growth. Poult Sci, 58, 1257 – 1270.
- Pasternak H, Shalev BA (1983): Genetics–economic evaluations of traits in a broiler enterprise: reduction of food intake due to increased growth rate. British Poult Sci, 24, 531- 536.
- Pinchasov Y, Jensen LS (1989): Comparison of physical and chemical mesns of feed restriction in broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 68, 61 – 69.
- Plavnik I, Hurwitz S (1985): The performance of broiler chicks during and following a severe feed restriction at en early age. Poult Sci, 64, 348-355.
- Plavnik I, McMurtry JP, Rosebrough RW (1986): Effects of early feed restriction in broilers. 1. Growth performance and carcass composition. Growth, 50, 68 – 76.
- Plavnik I, Hurwits S (1988): Early feed restriction in chicks: Effect of age, duration and sex. Poult Sci, 67, 384 – 390.
- Plavnik I, Hurwitz S (1990): Performance of broiler chickens and turkey poults subjected to feed restriction or to feding of low protein or low sodium diets at an early age. Poult Sci, 69, 945 – 952.
- Qiao M, Fletcher DL, Smith DP (2002): Effects of raw broiler breast meat color variation on marination and cooked meat quality. Poult Sci, 81, 276– 280
- Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP, Vasilatos – Younken R (1999): Dietary fat and protein intraction in broilers. Poult Sci, 78, 992 – 998.
- Ryhanen EL, Perttila S, Tupasela T, Valaja J (2007): Effect of Camelina sativa expeller cake on performance and meat quality of broilers. J Sci Food and Agric, 87, 1489-1494.
- Smith ER, Pesti GM (1998): Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein of the performance of broilers. Poult Sci, 77, 276-281.
- Twining PV, Thomas OP, Bossard EH (1974): The effect of amino acid and protein level on body composition of broilers. Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf. (Page 89 – 95).
- Yu MW, Robinson FE (1992): The application of short term feed restriction to broiler chickens production: A review. J Appl Poult Res, 1, 147 – 153.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA29CA57AG |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2010 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2010Volume: 57 Issue: 1 |