Abstract
The aim of this study was conducted to subchronic toxic effects separate and combined using of maleic hydrazide and ethephon in female mice. Treatment group divided into 9 groups according to chemicals’ doses and compared with controls. Three separate maleic hydrazide doses (100-200-400 mg/kg/day, in feed) and ethephon (50-100-150 mg/kg/day, in water) were given alone and in combination during 45 days. At the end of the study, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea and creatinine levels in blood samples were evaluated. Liver and kidney tissues were taken and examined histopathologically. As a result, alone usages of maleic hydrazide caused liver, kidney toxicity. Toxic effects were clearer in liver; however with ethephon, toxicity was more moderate than maleic hydrazide. In combination, glomerulonephritis were seen in the highest doses. As a result, plant growth promoters could be harmful on kidney and liver. Producers and consumers should become more conscious about the toxic effects of these chemicals
References
- Durham WF (1967): The interaction of pesticides with other factors. Residue Rev, 18, 21-103.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2001): FAO specifications and evaluations for agricultural pesticides. Maleic hydrazide. Erişim:[http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/ AGPP/Pesticid/Specs/docs/Pdf/new/d+e/e maleic.pdf].
- Erişim tarihi:31.01.2001.
- Haux JE, Quistad GB, Casida JE (2000): Phosphobutyrylcholinesterase: phosphorylation of the esteratic site of butyrylcholinesterase by ethephon[(2- chloroethyl)phosphonicacid]dianion. Chem Res Toxicol, 13, 646-651.
- Haux JE, Lockridge O, Casida JE (2002): Specificity of ethephon as a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor and phosphorylating agent. Chem Res Toxicol, 15, 1527-1533.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (Inchem) (1993):Pesticide residues in food: 1993 evaluations Part II Toxicology. Ethephon.
- Erişim:[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/ v93pr07.htm]. Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2005.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (Inchem) (1996): Pesticide residues in food: 1996 evaluations PART II Toxicology. Maleic Hydrazide.
- Erişim:[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/ v96pr08.htm].Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2004.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (Inchem) (2002): Pesticide Residues in food-2002- Joint FAO/WHO meeting on Pesticide Residues. Ethephon.
- Erişim:[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/ 2002pr05.htm].Erişim tarihi: 25.07.2004.
- Marcano L, Carruyo I, Del Campo A, Montiel X (2004): Cytotoxicity and mode of action of maleic hydrazide in root tips of Alliım cepa L. Environ Res, 94, 221-226.
- Mickel LG (1978): Plant growth regulators: controlling biological behaviour with chemicals. Chem Eng News, 56,18.
- Ponnampalam R, Mondy NI, Babish JG (1983): A review of environmental and health risks of maleic hydrazide. Regul Toxicol Pharm, 3, 38-47.
- Segall Y, Grendell RL, Toia RF, Casida JE (1991): Composition of technical ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) and some analogs relative to their reactivity and biological activity. J Agric Food Chem, 39, 380-385.
- Seidler H, Ackermann H, Harting M, Koslowski C (1979): Effect of the phosphonic acid derivatives ethephon and trichlorphon the incorporation in vivo of (14C) acetate into cholesterol and other lipids in rats. Acta Biol Med Ger, 38, 1029-1037.
- Swietlinska Z, Žuk J (1978):Cytotoxic effects of maleic hydrazide. Mut Res, 55, 15-30.
- Tagawa H, Tobita T, Matsuzaki TA (1995): Novel metabolite of maleic hydrazide in the tobacco plant. Biosci, Biotechnol Biochem, 59, 1753.
- UNEP/FAO/PIC/IN (1999): Maleic hydrazide. CASNo: 123-33-1.
- Erişim:[http://www.pic.int/incs/ICRC1/4)/English/icrc1- 4.pdf]. Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2004.
- US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (1998): Target organs and critical effects for compounds with reference dose values. Erişim
- http://www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6pd/rcra_c/pd-o/
- appda4.pdf4-5]. Erişim tarihi:14.11.2004.
- Van Der Heijden CA, Den Tonkelaar EM, Garbis- Berkvens JM, Van Esch GJ (1981): Maleic hydrazide carcinogenicity study in rats. Toxicology, 19, 139-150.
- Visscher SN (1983): Effects of abscisic acid in animal growth and reproduction. 553-579. In: Abscisic Acid. Addicott FT (Eds), Praeger Science, New York.
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2002): Pesticide Residues in Food. Toxicological Evaluations. Ethephon. 77-83. JMPR (WHO/PCS/03.1). World Health Organization Geneva, 2003. Geliş tarihi: 07.06.2007 / Kabul tarihi: 05.07.2007 Address for correspondance Selma Yazar, DVM Ph.D. Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology 06110, Ankara, Turkey e-mail:yazar@veterinary.ankara.edu.tr
Abstract
Bu çalışma, maleik hidrazid ve etefonun tek ve kombine kullanımının dişi farelerdeki subkronik toksik etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışma grupları kimyasal maddelerin dozlarına göre 9 gruba ayrıldı ve bunlar kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldı. Maleik hidrazid (100-200-400 mg/kg/gün, yemle) ve etefon (50-100-150 mg/kg/gün, su ile)’nun 3 farklı dozu tek ve kombinasyon şeklinde 45 gün süresince verildi. Çalışmanın sonunda, kan örneklerindeki aspartat aminotransferaz, alanin aminotransferaz, üre ve kreatinin düzeyleri değerlendirildi. Karaciğer, böbrek dokuları alınarak histopatolojik inceleme yapıldı. Maleik hidrazidin tek başına kullanımında karaciğer ve böbrekde toksisiteye sebep olduğu belirlendi. Bu toksisite özellikle karaciğerde daha belirgin olmakla birlikte, etefonun toksistesitesi maleik hidrazidden daha ılımlıydı. Kombinasyonlarda ise, yüksek dozlarda glomerulonefritis görüldü. Sonuç olarak, bitki büyüme hormonları karaciğer ve böbrek üzerinde zararlı etkileri olabilmektedir. Üretici ve tüketicilerin bu kimyasalların toksik etkileri konusunda daha çok bilinçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir
References
- Durham WF (1967): The interaction of pesticides with other factors. Residue Rev, 18, 21-103.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2001): FAO specifications and evaluations for agricultural pesticides. Maleic hydrazide. Erişim:[http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/ AGPP/Pesticid/Specs/docs/Pdf/new/d+e/e maleic.pdf].
- Erişim tarihi:31.01.2001.
- Haux JE, Quistad GB, Casida JE (2000): Phosphobutyrylcholinesterase: phosphorylation of the esteratic site of butyrylcholinesterase by ethephon[(2- chloroethyl)phosphonicacid]dianion. Chem Res Toxicol, 13, 646-651.
- Haux JE, Lockridge O, Casida JE (2002): Specificity of ethephon as a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor and phosphorylating agent. Chem Res Toxicol, 15, 1527-1533.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (Inchem) (1993):Pesticide residues in food: 1993 evaluations Part II Toxicology. Ethephon.
- Erişim:[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/ v93pr07.htm]. Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2005.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (Inchem) (1996): Pesticide residues in food: 1996 evaluations PART II Toxicology. Maleic Hydrazide.
- Erişim:[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/ v96pr08.htm].Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2004.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (Inchem) (2002): Pesticide Residues in food-2002- Joint FAO/WHO meeting on Pesticide Residues. Ethephon.
- Erişim:[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/ 2002pr05.htm].Erişim tarihi: 25.07.2004.
- Marcano L, Carruyo I, Del Campo A, Montiel X (2004): Cytotoxicity and mode of action of maleic hydrazide in root tips of Alliım cepa L. Environ Res, 94, 221-226.
- Mickel LG (1978): Plant growth regulators: controlling biological behaviour with chemicals. Chem Eng News, 56,18.
- Ponnampalam R, Mondy NI, Babish JG (1983): A review of environmental and health risks of maleic hydrazide. Regul Toxicol Pharm, 3, 38-47.
- Segall Y, Grendell RL, Toia RF, Casida JE (1991): Composition of technical ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) and some analogs relative to their reactivity and biological activity. J Agric Food Chem, 39, 380-385.
- Seidler H, Ackermann H, Harting M, Koslowski C (1979): Effect of the phosphonic acid derivatives ethephon and trichlorphon the incorporation in vivo of (14C) acetate into cholesterol and other lipids in rats. Acta Biol Med Ger, 38, 1029-1037.
- Swietlinska Z, Žuk J (1978):Cytotoxic effects of maleic hydrazide. Mut Res, 55, 15-30.
- Tagawa H, Tobita T, Matsuzaki TA (1995): Novel metabolite of maleic hydrazide in the tobacco plant. Biosci, Biotechnol Biochem, 59, 1753.
- UNEP/FAO/PIC/IN (1999): Maleic hydrazide. CASNo: 123-33-1.
- Erişim:[http://www.pic.int/incs/ICRC1/4)/English/icrc1- 4.pdf]. Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2004.
- US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (1998): Target organs and critical effects for compounds with reference dose values. Erişim
- http://www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6pd/rcra_c/pd-o/
- appda4.pdf4-5]. Erişim tarihi:14.11.2004.
- Van Der Heijden CA, Den Tonkelaar EM, Garbis- Berkvens JM, Van Esch GJ (1981): Maleic hydrazide carcinogenicity study in rats. Toxicology, 19, 139-150.
- Visscher SN (1983): Effects of abscisic acid in animal growth and reproduction. 553-579. In: Abscisic Acid. Addicott FT (Eds), Praeger Science, New York.
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2002): Pesticide Residues in Food. Toxicological Evaluations. Ethephon. 77-83. JMPR (WHO/PCS/03.1). World Health Organization Geneva, 2003. Geliş tarihi: 07.06.2007 / Kabul tarihi: 05.07.2007 Address for correspondance Selma Yazar, DVM Ph.D. Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology 06110, Ankara, Turkey e-mail:yazar@veterinary.ankara.edu.tr
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 1, 2008 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2008Volume: 55 Issue: 1 |