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Principal component and discriminant function analysis of cranium and mandible in domestic buffalo (Bos bubalis)

Year 2025, Accepted Papers, 1 - 11

Semine Dalga , Kadir Aslan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1544641

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to use a geometric morphometric approach to ascertain the gender-related differences in the morphology of the domestic buffalo's skull and mandible. The skulls yielded a total of 20 main components. The first principal component (PC1) alone was responsible for 37.066% of the variation among these principal components. The first principal component (PC1) alone was responsible for 26.242% of the total variation among the lateral principal components. PC1 showed a medial extension of the posterior portion of the ectorbital, while PC2 showed a lateral extension. In PC2 and PC3, the right facial tuber displayed a cranial and linear expansion, respectively. In PC1, the left facial tuber was directed caudally, and in PC2, it was directed cranially. The anterior border of the first premolar had a caudo-ventral extension in PC1 and a cranio-dorsal extension in PC2 and PC3, according to lateral studies. In PC1 and PC2, the anterior side of the ectorbital displayed a caudo-dorsal extension, but in PC3, it displayed a dorsal extension. The anterior margin of the first premolar displayed a caudal extension in the extension evaluation of the three principal component analyses with the highest values in the mandibles, where the data are completely integrated with one another. PC1 showed a caudo-dorsal extension, PC2 showed a cranio-dorsal extension, and PC3 showed a dorsal extension of the landmark at the level of the incisura vasorum facialum. It is anticipated that this research will add to the body of knowledge about a particular breed, zoo archaeology, or be used as an animal model in relevant health professions.

Keywords

buffalo geometric morhometry mandible sex discrimination skull

References

  • Akçasız ZN, Akbaş ZS, Özkan E, et al (2024): Geometric morphometric analysis of scapula at cats and dogs. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 30, 481-487.
  • Aköz M, Arik D, Kul M, et al (2017): Buffalo breeding: Buffalo breeding in Turkey from past to today. JSTR, 3,2422-8702.
  • Atasever S, Erdem H (2008): Water buffalo raising and its future in Turkey. J Fac Agri, OMU, 23, 59-64.
  • Balcarcel AM, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Segura V, et al (2021): Singular patterns of skull shape and brain size change in the domestication of South American camelids. J Mammal, 102, 220-235.
  • Beecher RM, Corruccini RS (1981): Effects of dietary consistency on craniofacial and occlusal development in the rat. Angle Orthod Jan, 51, 61-9.
  • Casanova P, Miquel P (2015): Geometric morphometrics to the study of skull sexual dimorphism in a local domestic goat breed. J Fish Lives Vet Scien, 3, 1-4.
  • Choudhary OP, Kalita PC, Dalga S, et al (2022): Morphological studies on the skull bones of Indian mithun (Bos frontalis). Indian J Anim. Res, 56, 40–45.
  • Çakar B, Tandir F, Güzel B, et al (2024): Comparison of skull morphometric characteristics of simmental and holstein cattle breeds. Animals, 14, 2085.
  • Dalga S, Koçak S (2024): Examination of mandible in Morkaraman sheep using geometric morphometry method. MJAVL, 14, 11-20.
  • Demiraslan Y, Demircioğlu İ, Güzel BC (2024): Geometric analysis of mandible using semilandmark in Hamdani and Awassi sheep. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 71, 19-25.
  • Demiraslan Y, Özgel Ö, Gürbüz I, et al (2021): The mandibles of the Honamli and Hair goat (Capra hircus); a geometric morphometric study. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 68, 321–328.
  • Demircioğlu İ, Demiraslan Y, Gürbüz İ, et al (2021): Geometric morphometric analysis of skull and mandible in Awassi ewe and ram. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 27, 43– 49.
  • Demircioğlu İ, Demiraslan Y, Güzel BC, et al (2022): Comparison of cranium shape in Hamdani and Awassi sheep using dorsal and lateral landmarks. Pakistan J Zool, 1-6.
  • Ermiş Ö, Ünal B, Altundağ Y, et al (2024): Allometry and atlas shape analysis between Tekir and mix-breed cats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 30, 95-100.
  • Fernandez Blanco MV, Cassini GH, Bona P (2023): A three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the morphological transformation of Caiman lower jaw during post-hatching ontogeny. Peer J, 11,1-29.
  • Gundemir O, Akcasiz ZN, Yilmaz O, et al (2023): Radiographic analysis of skull in Van cats, British shorthairs and Scottish folds. Anat Histol Embryol, 52, 512–518.
  • Gündemir O, Duro S, Szara T et al (2023): Skull variation in different breeds sheep from Balkan countries. Annals of Anatomy, 249, 152083.
  • Gündemir O, Szara T (2025): Morphological patterns of the European bison (Bison bonasus) skull. Sci Rep, 15, 1418.
  • Gündemir O, Duro S, Jashari T, et al (2020): A study on morphology and morphometric parameters on skull of the Bardhoka autochthonous sheep breed in Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol, 49, 365–371.
  • Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001): Past: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electronica, 4, 1-9.
  • Janis CM, Theodor JM (2014): Cranial and postcranial morphological data in ruminant phylogenetics. Zitteliana 15–31.
  • Jashari T, Duro S, Gündemir O, et al (2022): Morphology, morphometry and some aspects of clinical anatomy in the skull and mandible of Sharri sheep. Biologia, 77, 423–433.
  • Jashari T, Kahvecioglu O, Duro S, et al (2022): Morphometric analysis for the sex determination of the skull of the DeltariIlir dog (Canis lupus familiaris) of Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol, 51, 443–451.
  • Klingenberg CP, Marugan-Lobon J (2013): Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context. Syst Biol, 62, 591–610.
  • Koçak S, Özaydin İ, Gündemir O (2024): Shape analysis of the carpal joint in healthy and septic arthritis in newborn calves. Anat Histol Embryol, 53, 1-6.
  • König HE, Liebich HG (2013): Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Colour Atlas, 6th Ed.; Schattauer Verlag. Stuttgard, Germany.
  • Krasińska M, Szuma E, Kobryńczuk F, et al (2008): Morphometric variation of the skull during postnatal development in the Lowland European bison Bison bonasus bonasus. Acta Theriol, 53, 193–216.
  • Marcus LF, Hingst-Zaher E, Zaher H (2000): Application of landmark morphometrics to skulls representing the orders of living mammals. Hystrix, 11, 27-47.
  • Markland B, Donna C (1988): A Functional model for masticatory-related mandibular, dental, and craniofacial microevolutionary change derived from a selected Southeastern Indian skeletal temporal series. PhD thesis, University of Tennessee.
  • Nanda AS, Nakao T (2003): Role of buffalo in the socioeconomic development of rural Asia: Current status and future prospectus. Anim Sci J, 74, 443-455.
  • Özkan E, Günay E, Deveci E et al (2024): Geometric morphometric analysis of beak shape of Columbimorphae (Columbas, Van, Mardin and Dönek). Anat Histol Embryol, 53, 1-9.
  • Özkan E, Sıddıq AB, Kahvecioğlu KO, et al (2019): Morphometric analysis of the skulls of domestic cattle (Bos taurus L.) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 43, 532-539
  • Parés-Casanova PM (2015): Geometric morphometrics to the study of skull sexual dimorphism in a local domestic goat breed. J Fisheries Livest Prod, 3, 141.
  • Parés-Casanova PM, Tolić A, Carnicero R (2020): Side differences in the skull of sheep: An assessment by geometric morphometrics. Annu Res Rev Biol, 34, 1.
  • Robin O, Cornette R, Clavel B (2023): Distinguishing female, male and castrated sheep using linear metrics and geometric morphometrics: Application on an archaeological assemblage. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep, 51, 104225.
  • Rohlf FJ (2017): TpsSmall Version 1.34. Ecology & Evolution, SUNY at Stone Brook, USA.
  • Rohlf FJ (2018): TpsDig Version 2.31. Ecology & Evolution, SUNY at Stone Brook, USA.
  • Slice DE (2007): Geometric morphometrics. Annual Rev Anthropol, 36, 261-281.
  • Soysal İ (2006): Buffalo and its products production. Tekirdağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Lecture Notes. Tekirdağ.
  • Stankowich T, Caro T (2009): Evolution of weaponry in female bovids. Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci, 276, 4329–4334.
  • Wang B, Zelditch M, Badgley C (2022): Geometric morphometrics of mandibles for dietary differentiation of Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla). Curr Zool, 68, 237–249.
  • Yalcın H, Kaya MA, Arslan A (2010): Comparative geometrical morphometries on the mandibles of Anatolian wild sheep (Ovis gmelini anatolica) and Akkaraman sheep (Ovis aries). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16, 55-61.
  • Yaprak A, Demiraslan Y, Özgel Ö (2022): Investigation of the skull basally in Honamlı, Hair, Kilis and Saanen goats using geometric morphometric methods. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 11, 179-184.
  • Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL, Sheets HD (2004): Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer. Academic Press, Amsterdam.

Year 2025, Accepted Papers, 1 - 11

Semine Dalga , Kadir Aslan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1544641

Abstract

References

  • Akçasız ZN, Akbaş ZS, Özkan E, et al (2024): Geometric morphometric analysis of scapula at cats and dogs. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 30, 481-487.
  • Aköz M, Arik D, Kul M, et al (2017): Buffalo breeding: Buffalo breeding in Turkey from past to today. JSTR, 3,2422-8702.
  • Atasever S, Erdem H (2008): Water buffalo raising and its future in Turkey. J Fac Agri, OMU, 23, 59-64.
  • Balcarcel AM, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Segura V, et al (2021): Singular patterns of skull shape and brain size change in the domestication of South American camelids. J Mammal, 102, 220-235.
  • Beecher RM, Corruccini RS (1981): Effects of dietary consistency on craniofacial and occlusal development in the rat. Angle Orthod Jan, 51, 61-9.
  • Casanova P, Miquel P (2015): Geometric morphometrics to the study of skull sexual dimorphism in a local domestic goat breed. J Fish Lives Vet Scien, 3, 1-4.
  • Choudhary OP, Kalita PC, Dalga S, et al (2022): Morphological studies on the skull bones of Indian mithun (Bos frontalis). Indian J Anim. Res, 56, 40–45.
  • Çakar B, Tandir F, Güzel B, et al (2024): Comparison of skull morphometric characteristics of simmental and holstein cattle breeds. Animals, 14, 2085.
  • Dalga S, Koçak S (2024): Examination of mandible in Morkaraman sheep using geometric morphometry method. MJAVL, 14, 11-20.
  • Demiraslan Y, Demircioğlu İ, Güzel BC (2024): Geometric analysis of mandible using semilandmark in Hamdani and Awassi sheep. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 71, 19-25.
  • Demiraslan Y, Özgel Ö, Gürbüz I, et al (2021): The mandibles of the Honamli and Hair goat (Capra hircus); a geometric morphometric study. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 68, 321–328.
  • Demircioğlu İ, Demiraslan Y, Gürbüz İ, et al (2021): Geometric morphometric analysis of skull and mandible in Awassi ewe and ram. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 27, 43– 49.
  • Demircioğlu İ, Demiraslan Y, Güzel BC, et al (2022): Comparison of cranium shape in Hamdani and Awassi sheep using dorsal and lateral landmarks. Pakistan J Zool, 1-6.
  • Ermiş Ö, Ünal B, Altundağ Y, et al (2024): Allometry and atlas shape analysis between Tekir and mix-breed cats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 30, 95-100.
  • Fernandez Blanco MV, Cassini GH, Bona P (2023): A three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the morphological transformation of Caiman lower jaw during post-hatching ontogeny. Peer J, 11,1-29.
  • Gundemir O, Akcasiz ZN, Yilmaz O, et al (2023): Radiographic analysis of skull in Van cats, British shorthairs and Scottish folds. Anat Histol Embryol, 52, 512–518.
  • Gündemir O, Duro S, Szara T et al (2023): Skull variation in different breeds sheep from Balkan countries. Annals of Anatomy, 249, 152083.
  • Gündemir O, Szara T (2025): Morphological patterns of the European bison (Bison bonasus) skull. Sci Rep, 15, 1418.
  • Gündemir O, Duro S, Jashari T, et al (2020): A study on morphology and morphometric parameters on skull of the Bardhoka autochthonous sheep breed in Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol, 49, 365–371.
  • Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001): Past: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electronica, 4, 1-9.
  • Janis CM, Theodor JM (2014): Cranial and postcranial morphological data in ruminant phylogenetics. Zitteliana 15–31.
  • Jashari T, Duro S, Gündemir O, et al (2022): Morphology, morphometry and some aspects of clinical anatomy in the skull and mandible of Sharri sheep. Biologia, 77, 423–433.
  • Jashari T, Kahvecioglu O, Duro S, et al (2022): Morphometric analysis for the sex determination of the skull of the DeltariIlir dog (Canis lupus familiaris) of Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol, 51, 443–451.
  • Klingenberg CP, Marugan-Lobon J (2013): Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context. Syst Biol, 62, 591–610.
  • Koçak S, Özaydin İ, Gündemir O (2024): Shape analysis of the carpal joint in healthy and septic arthritis in newborn calves. Anat Histol Embryol, 53, 1-6.
  • König HE, Liebich HG (2013): Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Colour Atlas, 6th Ed.; Schattauer Verlag. Stuttgard, Germany.
  • Krasińska M, Szuma E, Kobryńczuk F, et al (2008): Morphometric variation of the skull during postnatal development in the Lowland European bison Bison bonasus bonasus. Acta Theriol, 53, 193–216.
  • Marcus LF, Hingst-Zaher E, Zaher H (2000): Application of landmark morphometrics to skulls representing the orders of living mammals. Hystrix, 11, 27-47.
  • Markland B, Donna C (1988): A Functional model for masticatory-related mandibular, dental, and craniofacial microevolutionary change derived from a selected Southeastern Indian skeletal temporal series. PhD thesis, University of Tennessee.
  • Nanda AS, Nakao T (2003): Role of buffalo in the socioeconomic development of rural Asia: Current status and future prospectus. Anim Sci J, 74, 443-455.
  • Özkan E, Günay E, Deveci E et al (2024): Geometric morphometric analysis of beak shape of Columbimorphae (Columbas, Van, Mardin and Dönek). Anat Histol Embryol, 53, 1-9.
  • Özkan E, Sıddıq AB, Kahvecioğlu KO, et al (2019): Morphometric analysis of the skulls of domestic cattle (Bos taurus L.) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 43, 532-539
  • Parés-Casanova PM (2015): Geometric morphometrics to the study of skull sexual dimorphism in a local domestic goat breed. J Fisheries Livest Prod, 3, 141.
  • Parés-Casanova PM, Tolić A, Carnicero R (2020): Side differences in the skull of sheep: An assessment by geometric morphometrics. Annu Res Rev Biol, 34, 1.
  • Robin O, Cornette R, Clavel B (2023): Distinguishing female, male and castrated sheep using linear metrics and geometric morphometrics: Application on an archaeological assemblage. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep, 51, 104225.
  • Rohlf FJ (2017): TpsSmall Version 1.34. Ecology & Evolution, SUNY at Stone Brook, USA.
  • Rohlf FJ (2018): TpsDig Version 2.31. Ecology & Evolution, SUNY at Stone Brook, USA.
  • Slice DE (2007): Geometric morphometrics. Annual Rev Anthropol, 36, 261-281.
  • Soysal İ (2006): Buffalo and its products production. Tekirdağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Lecture Notes. Tekirdağ.
  • Stankowich T, Caro T (2009): Evolution of weaponry in female bovids. Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci, 276, 4329–4334.
  • Wang B, Zelditch M, Badgley C (2022): Geometric morphometrics of mandibles for dietary differentiation of Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla). Curr Zool, 68, 237–249.
  • Yalcın H, Kaya MA, Arslan A (2010): Comparative geometrical morphometries on the mandibles of Anatolian wild sheep (Ovis gmelini anatolica) and Akkaraman sheep (Ovis aries). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16, 55-61.
  • Yaprak A, Demiraslan Y, Özgel Ö (2022): Investigation of the skull basally in Honamlı, Hair, Kilis and Saanen goats using geometric morphometric methods. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 11, 179-184.
  • Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL, Sheets HD (2004): Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer. Academic Press, Amsterdam.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Semine Dalga 0000-0001-7227-2513

Kadir Aslan 0000-0002-7617-0175

Early Pub Date June 13, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date September 6, 2024
Acceptance Date March 11, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025Accepted Papers

Cite

APA Dalga, S., & Aslan, K. (2025). Principal component and discriminant function analysis of cranium and mandible in domestic buffalo (Bos bubalis). Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi1-11. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1544641
AMA Dalga S, Aslan K. Principal component and discriminant function analysis of cranium and mandible in domestic buffalo (Bos bubalis). Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. Published online June 1, 2025:1-11. doi:10.33988/auvfd.1544641
Chicago Dalga, Semine, and Kadir Aslan. “Principal Component and Discriminant Function Analysis of Cranium and Mandible in Domestic Buffalo (Bos Bubalis)”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, June (June 2025), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1544641.
EndNote Dalga S, Aslan K (June 1, 2025) Principal component and discriminant function analysis of cranium and mandible in domestic buffalo (Bos bubalis). Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 1–11.
IEEE S. Dalga and K. Aslan, “Principal component and discriminant function analysis of cranium and mandible in domestic buffalo (Bos bubalis)”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, pp. 1–11, June 2025, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.1544641.
ISNAD Dalga, Semine - Aslan, Kadir. “Principal Component and Discriminant Function Analysis of Cranium and Mandible in Domestic Buffalo (Bos Bubalis)”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. June 2025. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1544641.
JAMA Dalga S, Aslan K. Principal component and discriminant function analysis of cranium and mandible in domestic buffalo (Bos bubalis). Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2025;:1–11.
MLA Dalga, Semine and Kadir Aslan. “Principal Component and Discriminant Function Analysis of Cranium and Mandible in Domestic Buffalo (Bos Bubalis)”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2025, pp. 1-11, doi:10.33988/auvfd.1544641.
Vancouver Dalga S, Aslan K. Principal component and discriminant function analysis of cranium and mandible in domestic buffalo (Bos bubalis). Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2025:1-11.