Research Article
Year 2020,
Volume: 67 Issue: 3, 303 - 311, 03.06.2020
Abstract
References
- 1. Abdulkarimi R, Daneshyar M, Aghazadeh A (2011): Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract consumption darkens liver, lowers blood cholesterol, proportional liver and abdominal fat weights in broiler chickens. Ital J Anim Sci, 10, 101-105.
- 2. Acamovic T, Brooker JD (2005): Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proc Nutr Soc, 64, 403-412.
- 3. ADAS (1981): The Analysis of Agricultural Materials. 2nd ed. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
- 4. Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Farag MR, et al (2015): Biological effects and modes of action of carvacrol in animal and poultry production and health – A review. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 3, 73-84.
- 5. Ali MN, Hassan MS, Abd El-Ghany FA (2007): Effect of strain, type of natural antioxidant and sulphate ion on productive, physiological and hatching performance of native laying hens. Int J Poult Sci, 6, 539-554.
- 6. AOAC (2000): Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 17th ed. AOAC International, Maryland, USA.
- 7. Arpášová H, Gálik B, Hrnčár C, et al (2015): The effect of essential oils on performance of laying hens. Anim Sci Biotechnol, 48, 8–14.
- 8. Awaad MHH, Elmenawey M, Ahmed KA (2014): Effect of a specific combination of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and Capsicum oleoresin on the growth performance, carcass quality and gut integrity of broiler chickens. Vet World, 7, 284–290.
- 9. Babazadeh D, Vahdatpour T, Nikpiran H, et al (2011): Effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic intake on blood enzymes and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix Japonica). Indian J Anim Sci, 81, 106–110.
- 10. Bhatt N (2015): Herbs and herbal supplements , a novel nutritional approach in animal nutrition. Iran J Appl Anim Sci, 5, 497–516.
- 11. Botsoglou NA, Florou-Paneri P, Botsoglou E, et al (2005): The effect of feeding rosemary, oregano, saffron and α-tocopheryl acetate on hen performance and oxidative stability of eggs. South African J Anim Sci, 35, 143–151.
- 12. Botsoglou NA, Florou-Paneri P, Christaki E, et al (2002): Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br Poult Sci, 43, 223–230.
- 13. Botsoglou NA, Yannakopoulos AL, Fletouris DJ, et al (1997): Effect of dietary thyme on the oxidative stability of egg yolk. J Agric Food Chem, 45, 3711–3716.
- 14. Bölükbaşı ŞC, Erhan MK, Kaynar Ö (2008): The effect of feeding thyme, sage and rosemary oil on laying hen performance, cholesterol and some proteins ratio of egg yolk and Escherichia coli count in feces. Arch fur Geflugelkd, 72, 231–237.
- 15. Bravo D, Pirgozliev V, Rose SP (2014): A mixture of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsicum oleoresin improves energy utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed maize-based diet. J Anim Sci, 92, 1531–1536.
- 16. Carpenter KJ, Clegg KM (1956): The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. J Sci Food Agric, 7, 45–51.
- 17. Chen Y, Chen H, Li W, et al (2018): Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves improved the egg and meat qualities and protected against ethanol-induced oxidative damage in laying hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 102, 214–223.
- 18. Çufadar Y (2018): Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on performance and eggshell quality in laying hens. Selcuk J Agric Food Sci, 32, 158–161.
- 19. Dawson B, Trap RG (2001): Basic and Clinical Biostatistics, Division, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing, New York. 20. De Leon-Rodriguez A, Escalante-Minakata P, Jimenez-Garcia MI, et al (2008): Characterization of volatile compounds from ethnic Agave alcoholic beverages by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Technol Biotechnol, 46, 448-455.
- 21. Ding X, Yu Y, Su Z, et al (2017): Effects of essential oils on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility and yolk fatty acid profile in laying hens. Anim Nutr, 3, 127–131.
- 22. Du E, Wang W, Gan L, et al (2016): Effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol, 7, 1–10.
- 23. El-Ghousein SS, Al-Beitawi NA (2009): The effect of feeding of crushed thyme (Thymus valgaris L) on growth, blood constituents, gastrointestinal tract and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. J Poult Sci, 46, 100–104.
- 24. Fachini-Queiroz FC, Kummer R, Estevão-Silva CF, et al (2012): Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012, 657026.
- 25. Farese G, Schmidt JL, Mager M (1967): An automated method for the determination of serum calcium with glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil). Clin Chem, 13, 515–520.
- 26. Florou-Paneri P, Nikolakakis I, Giannenas I, et al (2005a): Hen performance and egg quality as affected by dietary oregano essential oil and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Int J Poult Sci, 4, 449–454.
- 27. Florou-Paneri P, Palatos G, Govaris A, et al (2005b): Oregano herb versus oregano essential oil as feed supplements to increase the oxidative stability of turkey meat. Int J Poult Sci, 4, 866–871.
- 28. Ghasemi R, Zarei M, Torki M, et al (2010): Adding medicinal herbs including garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to diet of laying hens and evaluating productive performance and egg quality characteristics. Am J Anim Vet Sci, 5, 151–154.
- 29. Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A, et al (2013): Metabolism and nutrition: Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 92, 2059–2069.
- 30. He X, Hao D, Liu C, et al (2017): Effect of supplemental oregano essential oils in diets on production performance and relatively intestinal parameters of laying hens. Am J Mol Biol, 7, 73–85.
- 31. Hernández F, Madrid J, García V, et al (2004): Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poult Sci, 83, 169–174.
- 32. Hosseinzadeh S, Jafarikukhdan A, Hosseini A, et al (2015): The application of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine: A review of Thymus vulgaris. Int J Clin Med, 6, 635–642.
- 33. Hy-Line (2019): Hy-Line W-36 Commercial Layers: Management Guide. Hy-Line International, West Des Moines, IA, USA.
- 34. Karimi A, Yan F, Coto C, et al (2010): Effects of level and source of oregano leaf in starter diets for broiler chicks. J Appl Poult Res, 19, 137–145.
- 35. Kaya H, Kaya A, Celebi S, et al (2013): Effects of dietary supplementation of essential oils and vitamin E on performance, egg quality and Escherichia coli count in excreta. Indian J Anim Res, 47, 515–520.
- 36. Khan RU, Naz S, Nikousefat Z, et al (2012): Thymus vulgaris: Alternative to antibiotics in poultry feed. Worlds Poult Sci J, 68, 401–408.
- 37. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, et al (2003a): Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 44, 450–457.
- 38. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, et al (2003b). Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. J Appl Poult Res, 12, 394–399.
- 39. Lemahieu C, Bruneel C, Ryckebosch E, et al (2015): Impact of different omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) sources (flaxseed, Isochrysis galbana, fish oil and DHA Gold) on n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment (efficiency) in the egg yolk. J Funct Foods, 19, 821–827.
- 40. Luna A, Lábaque MC, Zygadlo JA, et al (2010): Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Poult Sci, 89, 366–370.
- 41. Manafi M (2015): Comparison study of a natural non-antibiotic growth promoter and a commercial probiotic on growth performance, immune response and biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. J Poult Sci, 52, 274–281.
- 42. Manafi M, Hedayati M, Khalaji S (2016): Effectiveness of phytogenic feed additive as alternative to bacitracin methylene disalicylate on hematological parameters, intestinal histomorphology and microbial population and production performance of Japanese Quails. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 1300–1308.
- 43. Migliorini MJ, Boiago MM, Roza LF, et al (2019): Oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) to feed laying hens and its effects on animal health. An Acad Bras Cienc, 91, 1–10.
- 44. Miura K, Nakatani N (1989): Antioxidative activity of flavonoids from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Agric Biol Chem, 53, 3043–3045.
- 45. Onbaşılar EE, Aksoy FT (2005): Stress parameters and immune response of layers under different cage floor and density conditions. Livest Prod Sci, 95, 255–263.
- 46. Radwan Nadia L, Hassan RA, Qota EM, et al (2008): Effect of natural antioxidant on oxidative stability of eggs and productive and reproductive performance of laying hens. Int J Poult Sci, 7, 134–150.
- 47. Saei MM, Sadeghi AA, Ahmadvand H (2013): The effect of Myrtus communis oil extract on growth performance, serum biochemistry and humoral immune responses in broiler chicks fed diet containing aflatoxin B1. Arch Anim Breed, 56, 842–850.
- 48. Toghyani M, Tohidi M, Gheisari AA, et al (2010): Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. African J Biotechnol, 9, 6819–6825.
- 49. Vakili R, Majidzadeh Heravi R (2016): Performance and egg quality of laying hens fed diets supplemented with herbal extracts and flaxseed. Poult Sci, 4, 107–116.
- 50. Waldroup PW, Ndife LI, Hellwig HM, et al (1986): Influence of Probucol ((4,4’-Isopropylidine dithio)-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol)) on egg yolk cholesterol content and performance of laying hens. Poult Sci, 65, 1949–1954.
- 51. Yalçın S, Yalçın S, Çakın K, et al (2010): Effects of dietary yeast autolysate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content, egg yolk fatty acid composition and humoral immune response of laying hens. J Sci Food Agric, 90, 1695–1701.
- 52. Yalçın S, Yalçın S, Onbaşılar İ, et al (2014): Effects of dietary yeast cell wall on performance, egg quality and humoral immune response in laying hens. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 61, 289–294.
- 53. Yanishlieva NV, Marinova EM, Gordon MH, et al (1999): Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems. Food Chem, 64, 59–66.
Effects of dried thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves on performance, some egg quality traits and immunity in laying hens
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the usage of thyme leaves and its effects on performance, some egg quality traits and humoral immunity in laying hens. A total of 108 laying hens aged 36 weeks were randomly assigned to three dietary groups for 16 weeks. Dried and ground (Thymus vulgaris L.) thyme leaves were used at the level of 0, 1 and 2% in the diets of groups. Feed intake, body weight, egg production, egg weight and egg quality characteristics were not affected by dietary thyme supplementation. Thyme supplementation at 2% resulted in beneficial effects in laying hens due to the lowering of yolk cholesterol and total saturated fatty acids concentration while increasing omega-3 fatty acids. Furthermore, the yolk malondialdehyde, blood serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels were reduced and antibody titers against SRBC were increased with 2% thyme supplementation. In conclusion, the results showed the antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects of thyme supplementation in laying hens along with improved humoral immune response without any negative effects on performance and egg quality characteristics.
Keywords
References
- 1. Abdulkarimi R, Daneshyar M, Aghazadeh A (2011): Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract consumption darkens liver, lowers blood cholesterol, proportional liver and abdominal fat weights in broiler chickens. Ital J Anim Sci, 10, 101-105.
- 2. Acamovic T, Brooker JD (2005): Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proc Nutr Soc, 64, 403-412.
- 3. ADAS (1981): The Analysis of Agricultural Materials. 2nd ed. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
- 4. Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Farag MR, et al (2015): Biological effects and modes of action of carvacrol in animal and poultry production and health – A review. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 3, 73-84.
- 5. Ali MN, Hassan MS, Abd El-Ghany FA (2007): Effect of strain, type of natural antioxidant and sulphate ion on productive, physiological and hatching performance of native laying hens. Int J Poult Sci, 6, 539-554.
- 6. AOAC (2000): Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 17th ed. AOAC International, Maryland, USA.
- 7. Arpášová H, Gálik B, Hrnčár C, et al (2015): The effect of essential oils on performance of laying hens. Anim Sci Biotechnol, 48, 8–14.
- 8. Awaad MHH, Elmenawey M, Ahmed KA (2014): Effect of a specific combination of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and Capsicum oleoresin on the growth performance, carcass quality and gut integrity of broiler chickens. Vet World, 7, 284–290.
- 9. Babazadeh D, Vahdatpour T, Nikpiran H, et al (2011): Effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic intake on blood enzymes and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix Japonica). Indian J Anim Sci, 81, 106–110.
- 10. Bhatt N (2015): Herbs and herbal supplements , a novel nutritional approach in animal nutrition. Iran J Appl Anim Sci, 5, 497–516.
- 11. Botsoglou NA, Florou-Paneri P, Botsoglou E, et al (2005): The effect of feeding rosemary, oregano, saffron and α-tocopheryl acetate on hen performance and oxidative stability of eggs. South African J Anim Sci, 35, 143–151.
- 12. Botsoglou NA, Florou-Paneri P, Christaki E, et al (2002): Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br Poult Sci, 43, 223–230.
- 13. Botsoglou NA, Yannakopoulos AL, Fletouris DJ, et al (1997): Effect of dietary thyme on the oxidative stability of egg yolk. J Agric Food Chem, 45, 3711–3716.
- 14. Bölükbaşı ŞC, Erhan MK, Kaynar Ö (2008): The effect of feeding thyme, sage and rosemary oil on laying hen performance, cholesterol and some proteins ratio of egg yolk and Escherichia coli count in feces. Arch fur Geflugelkd, 72, 231–237.
- 15. Bravo D, Pirgozliev V, Rose SP (2014): A mixture of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsicum oleoresin improves energy utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed maize-based diet. J Anim Sci, 92, 1531–1536.
- 16. Carpenter KJ, Clegg KM (1956): The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. J Sci Food Agric, 7, 45–51.
- 17. Chen Y, Chen H, Li W, et al (2018): Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves improved the egg and meat qualities and protected against ethanol-induced oxidative damage in laying hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 102, 214–223.
- 18. Çufadar Y (2018): Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on performance and eggshell quality in laying hens. Selcuk J Agric Food Sci, 32, 158–161.
- 19. Dawson B, Trap RG (2001): Basic and Clinical Biostatistics, Division, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing, New York. 20. De Leon-Rodriguez A, Escalante-Minakata P, Jimenez-Garcia MI, et al (2008): Characterization of volatile compounds from ethnic Agave alcoholic beverages by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Technol Biotechnol, 46, 448-455.
- 21. Ding X, Yu Y, Su Z, et al (2017): Effects of essential oils on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility and yolk fatty acid profile in laying hens. Anim Nutr, 3, 127–131.
- 22. Du E, Wang W, Gan L, et al (2016): Effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol, 7, 1–10.
- 23. El-Ghousein SS, Al-Beitawi NA (2009): The effect of feeding of crushed thyme (Thymus valgaris L) on growth, blood constituents, gastrointestinal tract and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. J Poult Sci, 46, 100–104.
- 24. Fachini-Queiroz FC, Kummer R, Estevão-Silva CF, et al (2012): Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012, 657026.
- 25. Farese G, Schmidt JL, Mager M (1967): An automated method for the determination of serum calcium with glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil). Clin Chem, 13, 515–520.
- 26. Florou-Paneri P, Nikolakakis I, Giannenas I, et al (2005a): Hen performance and egg quality as affected by dietary oregano essential oil and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Int J Poult Sci, 4, 449–454.
- 27. Florou-Paneri P, Palatos G, Govaris A, et al (2005b): Oregano herb versus oregano essential oil as feed supplements to increase the oxidative stability of turkey meat. Int J Poult Sci, 4, 866–871.
- 28. Ghasemi R, Zarei M, Torki M, et al (2010): Adding medicinal herbs including garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to diet of laying hens and evaluating productive performance and egg quality characteristics. Am J Anim Vet Sci, 5, 151–154.
- 29. Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A, et al (2013): Metabolism and nutrition: Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 92, 2059–2069.
- 30. He X, Hao D, Liu C, et al (2017): Effect of supplemental oregano essential oils in diets on production performance and relatively intestinal parameters of laying hens. Am J Mol Biol, 7, 73–85.
- 31. Hernández F, Madrid J, García V, et al (2004): Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poult Sci, 83, 169–174.
- 32. Hosseinzadeh S, Jafarikukhdan A, Hosseini A, et al (2015): The application of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine: A review of Thymus vulgaris. Int J Clin Med, 6, 635–642.
- 33. Hy-Line (2019): Hy-Line W-36 Commercial Layers: Management Guide. Hy-Line International, West Des Moines, IA, USA.
- 34. Karimi A, Yan F, Coto C, et al (2010): Effects of level and source of oregano leaf in starter diets for broiler chicks. J Appl Poult Res, 19, 137–145.
- 35. Kaya H, Kaya A, Celebi S, et al (2013): Effects of dietary supplementation of essential oils and vitamin E on performance, egg quality and Escherichia coli count in excreta. Indian J Anim Res, 47, 515–520.
- 36. Khan RU, Naz S, Nikousefat Z, et al (2012): Thymus vulgaris: Alternative to antibiotics in poultry feed. Worlds Poult Sci J, 68, 401–408.
- 37. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, et al (2003a): Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 44, 450–457.
- 38. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, et al (2003b). Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. J Appl Poult Res, 12, 394–399.
- 39. Lemahieu C, Bruneel C, Ryckebosch E, et al (2015): Impact of different omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) sources (flaxseed, Isochrysis galbana, fish oil and DHA Gold) on n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment (efficiency) in the egg yolk. J Funct Foods, 19, 821–827.
- 40. Luna A, Lábaque MC, Zygadlo JA, et al (2010): Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Poult Sci, 89, 366–370.
- 41. Manafi M (2015): Comparison study of a natural non-antibiotic growth promoter and a commercial probiotic on growth performance, immune response and biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. J Poult Sci, 52, 274–281.
- 42. Manafi M, Hedayati M, Khalaji S (2016): Effectiveness of phytogenic feed additive as alternative to bacitracin methylene disalicylate on hematological parameters, intestinal histomorphology and microbial population and production performance of Japanese Quails. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 1300–1308.
- 43. Migliorini MJ, Boiago MM, Roza LF, et al (2019): Oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) to feed laying hens and its effects on animal health. An Acad Bras Cienc, 91, 1–10.
- 44. Miura K, Nakatani N (1989): Antioxidative activity of flavonoids from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Agric Biol Chem, 53, 3043–3045.
- 45. Onbaşılar EE, Aksoy FT (2005): Stress parameters and immune response of layers under different cage floor and density conditions. Livest Prod Sci, 95, 255–263.
- 46. Radwan Nadia L, Hassan RA, Qota EM, et al (2008): Effect of natural antioxidant on oxidative stability of eggs and productive and reproductive performance of laying hens. Int J Poult Sci, 7, 134–150.
- 47. Saei MM, Sadeghi AA, Ahmadvand H (2013): The effect of Myrtus communis oil extract on growth performance, serum biochemistry and humoral immune responses in broiler chicks fed diet containing aflatoxin B1. Arch Anim Breed, 56, 842–850.
- 48. Toghyani M, Tohidi M, Gheisari AA, et al (2010): Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. African J Biotechnol, 9, 6819–6825.
- 49. Vakili R, Majidzadeh Heravi R (2016): Performance and egg quality of laying hens fed diets supplemented with herbal extracts and flaxseed. Poult Sci, 4, 107–116.
- 50. Waldroup PW, Ndife LI, Hellwig HM, et al (1986): Influence of Probucol ((4,4’-Isopropylidine dithio)-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol)) on egg yolk cholesterol content and performance of laying hens. Poult Sci, 65, 1949–1954.
- 51. Yalçın S, Yalçın S, Çakın K, et al (2010): Effects of dietary yeast autolysate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content, egg yolk fatty acid composition and humoral immune response of laying hens. J Sci Food Agric, 90, 1695–1701.
- 52. Yalçın S, Yalçın S, Onbaşılar İ, et al (2014): Effects of dietary yeast cell wall on performance, egg quality and humoral immune response in laying hens. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 61, 289–294.
- 53. Yanishlieva NV, Marinova EM, Gordon MH, et al (1999): Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems. Food Chem, 64, 59–66.
There are 52 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 3, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020Volume: 67 Issue: 3 |