Research Article
Effects of dietary supplementation of red ginseng root powder on performance, immune system, caecal microbial population and some blood parameters in broilers
Abstract
The aim of the research was to determine the effects of red ginseng root powder on performance, immune system, caecal microbial population and some blood parameters in broilers. A total of 224 daily Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into one control group and three experimental groups each containing 56 chicks. Red ginseng root powder was added to the diets of groups at the level of 0, 75, 150 and 225 mg/kg, respectively. The experimental period was 38 days. There were no differences in growth performance. Addition of 225 mg/kg of the red ginseng root powder increased the relative weight percentages of spleen and gizzard (P<0.05). Ginseng root powder supplementation didn’t affect biochemical parameters and antibody titers in blood serum. The values of haemoglobin, leukocytes, red blood cell distribution width and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in group fed diet supplemented with 225 mg/kg ginseng were increased significantly (P<0.001). The count of Lactobacillus spp. in the caecum (P<0.05) was increased with 75 mg/kg ginseng root powder addition. As a result, improvements were provided in immune organ weight and some hematological parameters with the addition of 225 mg/kg and in Lactobacillus spp. count in caecum with the addition of 75 mg/kg red ginseng root powder to the diets in broilers. Further studies are required to evaluate the bioavailability of the active compounds of red ginseng root powder and to determine the effects of its various doses on performance, immunity, antioxidant potential and intestinal microflora under various stress conditions in poultry.
Supporting Institution
Ankara University Research Fund
Project Number
16L0239004
Thanks
The authors wish to acknowledge Beypi A.Ş. for chicks.
References
- ADAS (1981): The Analysis of Agricultural Materials. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, 2nd ed. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
- Allan WH, Gough RE (1974): A standard haemagglutination inhibition test for Newcastle Disease. 1. A comparison of macro and micro methods. Vet Rec, 95, 120-123.
- Ao X, Zhou TX, Kim HJ, et al (2011): Influence of fermented Red Ginseng extract on broilers and laying hens. Asian-Australas. J Anim Sci, 24, 993-1000.
- AOAC (2000): Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 17th Ed., AOAC International, Maryland, USA.
- Carpenter KJ, Clegg KM (1956): The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. J Sci Food Agric, 7, 45–51.
- Catalan AAS (2011): Panax Ginseng in Diets of Commercial Laying Hens. 67F. Thesis (Master Degree) Animal Sciences Graduate Program. Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas City Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
- Choi SY, Hong HD, Bae HM, et al (2011): Phytochemical characteristics of coffee bean treated by coating of ginseng extract. J Ginseng Res, 35, 436-441.
- Chung T, Choi I (2016): Growth performance and fatty acid profiles of broilers given diets supplemented with fermented Red Ginseng marc powder combined with Red Koji. Braz J Poultry Sci, 18, 733-738.
- Dawson B, Trapp RG (2001): Basic and Clinical Biostatistics, 3rd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York, USA.
- Eo JK, Choi MS, Eom AH (2014): Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Korean ginseng leaves. Mycobiology, 42, 147-151.
- Farese G, Schmidt JL, Mager M (1967): An automated method for the determination of serum calcium with glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil). Clin Chem, 13, 515-520.
- FDA (2001): Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 3. Aerobic Plate Count, Avaliable at http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/BacteriologicalAnalyticalManualBAM/ucm063346.htm, 2001. (Accessed March 01, 2019).
- Glick B (1977): The bursa of fabricius and immunoglobulin synthesis. Int Rev Cytol, 48, 345-402.
- Hassan R, Choe SH, Ryu SK (2012): A comparison of feeding multi-probiotics and fermented ginseng byproducts on performance, intestinal microflora and immunity of broiler chicks. Korean J Poult Sci, 39, 253-260.
- Heckert RA, Estevez I, Russek-Cohen E, et al (2002): Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poult Sci, 81, 451-457.
- ISO (1998): Microbiology of Food and Animal Feedingstuffs-Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Mesophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria – Colony-Count Technique at 30 degrees C. ISO 15214:1998. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- ISO (2006): Microbiology of Food and Animal Feedingstuffs – Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Coliforms – Colony-Count Technique. ISO 4832:2006. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Jang HD, Kim HJ, Cho JH, et al (2007): Effect of dietary supplementation of fermented wild ginseng culture by products on egg productivity, egg quality, blood characteristics and ginsenoside concentration of yolk in laying hens. Korean J Poult Sci, 34, 271–278.
- Kang BH, Joo CN (1985): Biochemical studies on ginseng saponin (XXII). The effect of ginseng saponin on blood serum lipoproteins. Korean Biochem J, 18, 272-278.
- Kang BH, Joo CN (1986): Biochemical studies on ginseng saponin (XXVI). The effect of ginseng saponin fraction on LDL-receptor of rat and rabbit livers. Korean Biochem J, 19, 168-172.
- Kang HK, Park SB, Kim CH (2016): Effect of dietary supplementation of red ginseng by-product on laying performance, blood biochemistry, serum immunoglobulin and microbial population in laying hens. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 1464-1469.
- Karakuş E, Karadeniz A, Şimşek N, et al (2011): Protective effect of Panax ginseng against serum biochemical changes and apoptosis in liver of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). J Hazard Mater, 195, 208-213.
- Kim BK, Hwing IU, Kang SS, et al (2002): Effects of dietary Panax ginseng, Dioscorea Japonica and oriental medicine refuse on productivity of Korean native chicken. J Anim Sci Technol, 44, 297-304.
- Kim DC, In MJ (2010): Production of hydrolyzed red ginseng residue and its application to lactic acid bacteria cultivation. J Ginseng Res, 34, 321-326.
- Kim KH, Lee YS, Jung IS, et al (1998): Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2. Planta Med, 64, 110-115.
- Kim YJ, Lee GD, Choi IH (2015): Effects of dietary red ginseng marc on egg production, egg quality and blood characteristics of laying hens. J Appl Anim Res, 43, 242-246.
- Ko SK, Lee CR, Choi YE, et al (2003): Analysis of ginsenosides of white and red ginseng concentrates. Korean J Food Sci Technol, 35, 536-539.
- Kryeziu AJ, Mestani N, Berisha S, et al (2018): The European performance indicators of broiler chickens as influenced by stocking density and sex. Agron Res, 16, 483-491.
- Lee D, Jeong J, Yu SG, et al (2012): Market segmentation based on attributes for the purchase of fresh ginseng. AIM, 4, 1-10.
- Lee YS, Chung IS, Lee IR, et al (1997): Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. Anticancer Res, 17, 323-331.
- Lim S, Yoon JW, Choi SH, et al (2009): Effect of ginsam, a vinegar extract from Panax ginseng, on body weight and glucose homeostasis in an obese insulin-resistant rat model. Metabolism, 58, 8-15.
- Muwalla MM, Abuirmeileh NM (1990): Suppression of avian hepatic cholesterogenesis by dietary ginseng. J Nutr Biochem, 1, 518-521.
- Osfor MMH (1995): Some biochemical and nutritional studies on the effect of Panax ginseng powder on adult Japanese quails. Pol J Food Nutr Sci, 4/45, 73-79.
- Özcan MA (2016): Japon bıldırcınlarının rasyonlarına Panax Ginseng kök ekstrakt ilavesinin yumurta verimi ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri. Ordu Üniv Bil Tek Derg, 6, 68-74.
- Qureshi AA, Abuirmeileh N, Din ZZ, et al (1983): Suppression of cholesterogenesis and reduction of LDL cholesterol by dietary ginseng and its fractions in chicken liver. Atherosclerosis, 48, 81-94.
- Shin JY, Song JY, Yun YS, et al (2002): Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides exctract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 24, 469-482.
- Sohn SH, Jang IS, Moon YS, et al (2008): Effect of dietary siberian ginseng and eucommia on broiler performance, serum biochemical profiles and telomere length. Korean J Poult Sci, 35, 283-290.
- Song JY, Akhalaia M, Platonov A, et al (2004): Effects ofpolysaccharide ginsan from Panax ginseng on liver function. Arch Pharm Res, 27, 531-538.
- Song JY, Han SK, Bae KG, et al (2003): Radioprotective effects of ginsan, an immunomodulator. Radiat Res, 159, 768-774.
- Song JY, Han SK, Son EH, et al (2002): Induction of secretory and tumoricidal activities in peritoneal macrophages by ginsan. Int Immunopharmacol, 2, 857-865.
- Şimşek N, Karadeniz A, Karaca T (2007): Effects of the Spirulina platensis and Panax ginseng oral supplementation on peripheral blood cells in rats. Revue Med Vet, 158, 483-488.
- Tan BKH, Vanitha J (2004): Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some traditional chinese medicinal herbs: A review. Curr Med Chem, 11, 1423-1430.
- Yan L, Meng QW, Lee JH, et al (2010): Effects of dietary wild-ginseng adventitious root meal on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality in broiler chickens. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 24, 258-263.
- Yıldırım A, Şekeroğlu A, Eleroğlu H, et al (2013): Effects of Korean ginseng Panax Ginseng CA Meyer root extract on egg production performance and egg quality of laying hens. S Afr J Anim Sci, 43, 194-207.
- Zhai L, Wang Y, Yu J, et al (2011a): Effect of oral administration of ginseng stem-and-leaf saponins (GSLS) on the immune responses to Newcastle disease vaccine in chickens. Vaccine, 29, 5007–5014.
- Zhai L, Wang Y, Yu J, et al (2011b): Enhancement of humoral immune responses to inactivated Newcastle disease and avian influenza vaccines by oral administration of ginseng stem-and-leaf saponins in chickens. Poult Sci, 90, 1955-1959.
- Zhai L, Wang Y, Yu J, et al (2014): Enhanced immune responses of chickens to oral vaccination against infectious bursal disease by ginseng stem-leaf saponins. Poult Sci, 93, 2473-2481.
Broyler rasyonlarına kırmızı ginseng kökü tozu ilavesinin performans, immun sistem, sekal mikrobiyel populasyon ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı, broyler karma yemlerine kırmızı ginseng kökü tozu ilavesinin performans, immun sistem, sekal mikrobiyel popülasyon ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Toplam 224 adet günlük Ross 308 erkek broyler civciv her biri 56 civciv içeren bir kontrol ve üç deneme grubuna ayrılmıştır. Kırmızı ginseng kökü tozu grup yemlerine sırasıyla 0, 75, 150 ve 225 mg/kg düzeylerinde ilave edilmiştir. Deneme süresi 38 gündür. Gruplar arasında büyüme performansı bakımından farklılık gözlenmemiştir. Kırmızı ginseng kökü tozunun 225 mg/kg düzeyinde ilavesi dalak ve taşlığın relatif ağırlık yüzdesini artırmıştır (P<0,05). Ginseng kökü tozu ilavesi kan serumunda biyokimyasal parametreleri ve antikor titresini etkilememiştir. Yemine 225 mg/kg ginseng ilave edilen grubun kanında hemoglobin, lökosit, eritrosit dağılım genişliği ve ortalama eritrosit hemoglobin konsantrasyonu önemli derecede (P<0,001) artmıştır. Sekumda Lactobacillus spp. sayısı yeme 75 mg/kg ginseng kökü tozu ilavesi ile artmıştır (P<0,05). Sonuçta kırmızı ginseng kökü tozunun 225 mg/kg ilavesi broylerlerde immun organ ağırlığında ve bazı hematolojik parametrelerinde, 75 mg/kg ilavesinin ise sekumda Lactobacillus spp. sayısında iyileşme sağlamıştır. Kırmızı ginseng kökü tozu aktif bileşenlerinin biyoyararlanılabilirliğini incelemek ve farklı dozlarının çeşitli stres şartlarındaki kanatlılarda performans, immunite, antioksidan potansiyel ve bağırsak mikroflorasını belirlemek için yapılacak çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Project Number
16L0239004
References
- ADAS (1981): The Analysis of Agricultural Materials. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, 2nd ed. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
- Allan WH, Gough RE (1974): A standard haemagglutination inhibition test for Newcastle Disease. 1. A comparison of macro and micro methods. Vet Rec, 95, 120-123.
- Ao X, Zhou TX, Kim HJ, et al (2011): Influence of fermented Red Ginseng extract on broilers and laying hens. Asian-Australas. J Anim Sci, 24, 993-1000.
- AOAC (2000): Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 17th Ed., AOAC International, Maryland, USA.
- Carpenter KJ, Clegg KM (1956): The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. J Sci Food Agric, 7, 45–51.
- Catalan AAS (2011): Panax Ginseng in Diets of Commercial Laying Hens. 67F. Thesis (Master Degree) Animal Sciences Graduate Program. Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas City Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
- Choi SY, Hong HD, Bae HM, et al (2011): Phytochemical characteristics of coffee bean treated by coating of ginseng extract. J Ginseng Res, 35, 436-441.
- Chung T, Choi I (2016): Growth performance and fatty acid profiles of broilers given diets supplemented with fermented Red Ginseng marc powder combined with Red Koji. Braz J Poultry Sci, 18, 733-738.
- Dawson B, Trapp RG (2001): Basic and Clinical Biostatistics, 3rd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York, USA.
- Eo JK, Choi MS, Eom AH (2014): Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Korean ginseng leaves. Mycobiology, 42, 147-151.
- Farese G, Schmidt JL, Mager M (1967): An automated method for the determination of serum calcium with glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil). Clin Chem, 13, 515-520.
- FDA (2001): Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 3. Aerobic Plate Count, Avaliable at http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/BacteriologicalAnalyticalManualBAM/ucm063346.htm, 2001. (Accessed March 01, 2019).
- Glick B (1977): The bursa of fabricius and immunoglobulin synthesis. Int Rev Cytol, 48, 345-402.
- Hassan R, Choe SH, Ryu SK (2012): A comparison of feeding multi-probiotics and fermented ginseng byproducts on performance, intestinal microflora and immunity of broiler chicks. Korean J Poult Sci, 39, 253-260.
- Heckert RA, Estevez I, Russek-Cohen E, et al (2002): Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poult Sci, 81, 451-457.
- ISO (1998): Microbiology of Food and Animal Feedingstuffs-Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Mesophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria – Colony-Count Technique at 30 degrees C. ISO 15214:1998. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- ISO (2006): Microbiology of Food and Animal Feedingstuffs – Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Coliforms – Colony-Count Technique. ISO 4832:2006. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Jang HD, Kim HJ, Cho JH, et al (2007): Effect of dietary supplementation of fermented wild ginseng culture by products on egg productivity, egg quality, blood characteristics and ginsenoside concentration of yolk in laying hens. Korean J Poult Sci, 34, 271–278.
- Kang BH, Joo CN (1985): Biochemical studies on ginseng saponin (XXII). The effect of ginseng saponin on blood serum lipoproteins. Korean Biochem J, 18, 272-278.
- Kang BH, Joo CN (1986): Biochemical studies on ginseng saponin (XXVI). The effect of ginseng saponin fraction on LDL-receptor of rat and rabbit livers. Korean Biochem J, 19, 168-172.
- Kang HK, Park SB, Kim CH (2016): Effect of dietary supplementation of red ginseng by-product on laying performance, blood biochemistry, serum immunoglobulin and microbial population in laying hens. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 1464-1469.
- Karakuş E, Karadeniz A, Şimşek N, et al (2011): Protective effect of Panax ginseng against serum biochemical changes and apoptosis in liver of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). J Hazard Mater, 195, 208-213.
- Kim BK, Hwing IU, Kang SS, et al (2002): Effects of dietary Panax ginseng, Dioscorea Japonica and oriental medicine refuse on productivity of Korean native chicken. J Anim Sci Technol, 44, 297-304.
- Kim DC, In MJ (2010): Production of hydrolyzed red ginseng residue and its application to lactic acid bacteria cultivation. J Ginseng Res, 34, 321-326.
- Kim KH, Lee YS, Jung IS, et al (1998): Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2. Planta Med, 64, 110-115.
- Kim YJ, Lee GD, Choi IH (2015): Effects of dietary red ginseng marc on egg production, egg quality and blood characteristics of laying hens. J Appl Anim Res, 43, 242-246.
- Ko SK, Lee CR, Choi YE, et al (2003): Analysis of ginsenosides of white and red ginseng concentrates. Korean J Food Sci Technol, 35, 536-539.
- Kryeziu AJ, Mestani N, Berisha S, et al (2018): The European performance indicators of broiler chickens as influenced by stocking density and sex. Agron Res, 16, 483-491.
- Lee D, Jeong J, Yu SG, et al (2012): Market segmentation based on attributes for the purchase of fresh ginseng. AIM, 4, 1-10.
- Lee YS, Chung IS, Lee IR, et al (1997): Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. Anticancer Res, 17, 323-331.
- Lim S, Yoon JW, Choi SH, et al (2009): Effect of ginsam, a vinegar extract from Panax ginseng, on body weight and glucose homeostasis in an obese insulin-resistant rat model. Metabolism, 58, 8-15.
- Muwalla MM, Abuirmeileh NM (1990): Suppression of avian hepatic cholesterogenesis by dietary ginseng. J Nutr Biochem, 1, 518-521.
- Osfor MMH (1995): Some biochemical and nutritional studies on the effect of Panax ginseng powder on adult Japanese quails. Pol J Food Nutr Sci, 4/45, 73-79.
- Özcan MA (2016): Japon bıldırcınlarının rasyonlarına Panax Ginseng kök ekstrakt ilavesinin yumurta verimi ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri. Ordu Üniv Bil Tek Derg, 6, 68-74.
- Qureshi AA, Abuirmeileh N, Din ZZ, et al (1983): Suppression of cholesterogenesis and reduction of LDL cholesterol by dietary ginseng and its fractions in chicken liver. Atherosclerosis, 48, 81-94.
- Shin JY, Song JY, Yun YS, et al (2002): Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides exctract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 24, 469-482.
- Sohn SH, Jang IS, Moon YS, et al (2008): Effect of dietary siberian ginseng and eucommia on broiler performance, serum biochemical profiles and telomere length. Korean J Poult Sci, 35, 283-290.
- Song JY, Akhalaia M, Platonov A, et al (2004): Effects ofpolysaccharide ginsan from Panax ginseng on liver function. Arch Pharm Res, 27, 531-538.
- Song JY, Han SK, Bae KG, et al (2003): Radioprotective effects of ginsan, an immunomodulator. Radiat Res, 159, 768-774.
- Song JY, Han SK, Son EH, et al (2002): Induction of secretory and tumoricidal activities in peritoneal macrophages by ginsan. Int Immunopharmacol, 2, 857-865.
- Şimşek N, Karadeniz A, Karaca T (2007): Effects of the Spirulina platensis and Panax ginseng oral supplementation on peripheral blood cells in rats. Revue Med Vet, 158, 483-488.
- Tan BKH, Vanitha J (2004): Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some traditional chinese medicinal herbs: A review. Curr Med Chem, 11, 1423-1430.
- Yan L, Meng QW, Lee JH, et al (2010): Effects of dietary wild-ginseng adventitious root meal on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality in broiler chickens. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 24, 258-263.
- Yıldırım A, Şekeroğlu A, Eleroğlu H, et al (2013): Effects of Korean ginseng Panax Ginseng CA Meyer root extract on egg production performance and egg quality of laying hens. S Afr J Anim Sci, 43, 194-207.
- Zhai L, Wang Y, Yu J, et al (2011a): Effect of oral administration of ginseng stem-and-leaf saponins (GSLS) on the immune responses to Newcastle disease vaccine in chickens. Vaccine, 29, 5007–5014.
- Zhai L, Wang Y, Yu J, et al (2011b): Enhancement of humoral immune responses to inactivated Newcastle disease and avian influenza vaccines by oral administration of ginseng stem-and-leaf saponins in chickens. Poult Sci, 90, 1955-1959.
- Zhai L, Wang Y, Yu J, et al (2014): Enhanced immune responses of chickens to oral vaccination against infectious bursal disease by ginseng stem-leaf saponins. Poult Sci, 93, 2473-2481.
There are 47 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 16L0239004 |
| Publication Date | March 31, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021Volume: 68 Issue: 2 |
