Research Article
The effects of physical forms of corn and forage source on growth performance, blood parameters and ruminal fermentation of Holstein calves
Abstract
This investigation's purpose was the evaluation the effects of physical forms of corn and forage sources on growth performance, blood parameters, and ruminal fermentation of Holstein calves. Forty-eight Holstein calves (38.2 ± 1.2 kg of BW) were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 12 replications for 65 days. The treatments were: 1) Basal diet + mashed form corn + wheat straw (MCWS), 2) Basal diet + flacked form corn + wheat straw (FCWS), 3) Basal diet + mashed form corn+ Sugarcane bagasse (MCSB) and 4) Basal diet + flacked form corn + sugarcane bagasse (FCSB). Final body weight and daily weight gain were affected significantly by the forage (F) factor whereas no effect from C (corn physical forms) and C×F interaction were observed. Skeletal growth parameters were not affected by C, F, and F×C factors. The trial factors did not affect triglyceride, urea and BHBA levels. Glucose level and urea were affected by C and F factors. At 30 and 60 days, calves fed on FCWS had the highest glucose. Also, calves fed the FCSB diet presented higher urea at 30 and 60 days. Acetic acid was affected significantly by C, F, and C×F interaction. Calves fed the MCWS diet had the maximum concentration of acetic acid. At 30 days, propionic acid was affected by C, F, and C×F interaction. Valeric acid was affected by C and F effect at 30 days. While for valeric acid no differences were observed at 60 days.
Keywords
Thanks
The authors are grateful to the Isfahan University of Technology and the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili for their help. The management and staff of Peghah Fars Agro-industry and Animal Husbandry Company who cooperated in the implementation of this project is sincerely thanked and appreciated.
References
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- Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, et al (1998): Effects of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci, 81, 1946–1955.
- Beiranvand H, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, et al (2014): Interactions of alfalfa hay and sodium propionate on dairy calf performance and rumen development. J Dairy Sci, 97, 2270–2280.
- Castells L, Bach A, Araujo G, et al (2012): Effect of different forage sources on performance and feeding behavior of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 95, 286–293.
- Daneshvar D, Khorvash M, Ghasemi E, et al (2015): The effect of restricted milk feeding through conventional or step-down methods with or without forage provision in diets on performance of Holstein bull calves. J Anim Sci, 93, 3979-3989.
- Drackley JK (2008): Calf nutrition from birth to breeding. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 24, 55–86.
- Franklin ST, Amaral-Phillips DM, Jackson JA, et al (2003): Health and performance of Holstein calves that suckled or were hand-fed colostrum and were fed one of three physical forms of starter. J Dairy Sci, 86, 2145–2153.
- Ghassemi-Nejad J, Torbatinejad N, Naserian AA, et al (2012): Effects of processing of starter diets on performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen biochemical parameters and body measurements of Brown Swiss dairy calves. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 25, 980–987.
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- Hu W, Hill TM, Dennis TS (2018): Relationships between starch concentration of dry feed, diet digestibility, and growth of dairy calves up to 16 weeks of age. J Dairy Sci, 101, 7073-7081.
- Huntington GB (1997): Starch utilization by ruminants: From basics to the bunk. J Anim Sci, 75, 852–867.
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- Kargar S, Ghorbani GR, Alikhani M, et al (2012): Lactation performance and milk fatty acid profile of Holstein cows in response to dietary fat supplementation. Livest Sci, 150, 274-283.
- Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Mirzaei M, Jahani-Moghadam M, et al (2016): Interactions between levels of heat-treated soybean meal and prilled fat on growth, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites of Holstein calves. J Anim Sci, 94, 4267-4275.
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- Nemati M, Amanlou H, Khorvash M, et al (2016): Effect of different alfalfa hay levels on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and structural growth of Holstein dairy calves. J Anim Sci, 94, 1141–1148.
- Nilieh MR, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Mirzaei M, et al (2018): Interaction effect of starter physical form and alfalfa hay on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in Holstein calves. J Livest Sci Technol, 6, 9-19.
- Omidi-Mirzaei H, Azarfar A, Mirzaei M, et al (2018): Interaction between physical form and forage source on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 101, 1-11.
- Owens WE, Ray CH, Watts JL, et al (1997): Comparison of success of antibiotic therapy during lactation and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 80, 313–317.
- Pazoki A, Ghorbani GR, Kargar S, et al (2017): Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and rumen development of calves during transition from liquid to solid feed: Effects of physical forms of starter feed and forage provision. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 243, 173-185.
- Pezhveh N, Ghorbani GR, Rezamand P, et al (2014): Effects of different physical forms of wheat grain in corn-based starter on performance of young Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 97, 6382–6390.
- Phillips CJC (2004): The effects of forage provision and group size on the behavior of calves. J Dairy Sci, 87,1380–1388.
- Phuong HN, Friggens NC, de Boer IJB, et al (2014): Factors affecting energy and nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci, 96, 7245-7259.
- Porter JC, Warner RG, Kertz AF (2007): Effect of fiber level and physical form of starter on growth and development of dairy calves fed no forage. Prof Anim Sci, 23, 395–400.
- SAS (2003): SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhances Through Release 9.1.3. SAS Institute Inc Cary, North Carolina. USA.
- Suarez BJ, Reenen CGV, Stockhofe N, et al (2007): Effect of roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. J Dairy Sci, 90, 2390–2403.
- Terre M, Castells L, Khan MA, et al (2015): Interaction between the physical form of the starter feed and straw provision on growth performance of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 98, 1–9.
- Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991): Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber nonstarch polysaccharide in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci, 74, 3583–3597.
- Zitnan R, Voigt J, Schonhusen U, et al (1998): Influence of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves. Arch Tierernahr, 51, 279–291.
Year 2023,
Volume: 70 Issue: 3, 337 - 344, 23.06.2023
Abstract
References
- AOAC (2000): Method 973.18. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Azimzadeh V, Dehghan-Banadaky M, Towhidi A, et al (2019): Effect of corn processing and milk feeding method on growth performance, blood and ruminal parameters of Holstein Calves. Anim Prod, 22, 47-54.
- Bach A, Giménez A, Juaristi JL, et al (2007): Effects of physical form of a starter for dairy replacement calves on feed intake and performance. J Dairy Sci, 90, 3028–3033.
- Baldwin RL, McLeod KR, Klotz JL, et al (2004): Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre-and post-weaning ruminant. J Dairy Sci, 87, E55–E65.
- Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, et al (1998): Effects of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci, 81, 1946–1955.
- Beiranvand H, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, et al (2014): Interactions of alfalfa hay and sodium propionate on dairy calf performance and rumen development. J Dairy Sci, 97, 2270–2280.
- Castells L, Bach A, Araujo G, et al (2012): Effect of different forage sources on performance and feeding behavior of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 95, 286–293.
- Daneshvar D, Khorvash M, Ghasemi E, et al (2015): The effect of restricted milk feeding through conventional or step-down methods with or without forage provision in diets on performance of Holstein bull calves. J Anim Sci, 93, 3979-3989.
- Drackley JK (2008): Calf nutrition from birth to breeding. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 24, 55–86.
- Franklin ST, Amaral-Phillips DM, Jackson JA, et al (2003): Health and performance of Holstein calves that suckled or were hand-fed colostrum and were fed one of three physical forms of starter. J Dairy Sci, 86, 2145–2153.
- Ghassemi-Nejad J, Torbatinejad N, Naserian AA, et al (2012): Effects of processing of starter diets on performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen biochemical parameters and body measurements of Brown Swiss dairy calves. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 25, 980–987.
- Gressley TF, Hall MB, Armentano LE (2011): Ruminant Nutrition Symposium Productivity, digestion, and health responses to hindgut acidosis in ruminants. J Anim Sci, 89, 1120–1130.
- Hosseini SM, Ghorbani GR, Rezamand P, et al (2016): Determining optimum age of Holstein dairy calves when adding chopped alfalfa hay to meal starter diets based on measures of growth and performance. Animal, 10, 607–615.
- Hu W, Hill TM, Dennis TS (2018): Relationships between starch concentration of dry feed, diet digestibility, and growth of dairy calves up to 16 weeks of age. J Dairy Sci, 101, 7073-7081.
- Huntington GB (1997): Starch utilization by ruminants: From basics to the bunk. J Anim Sci, 75, 852–867.
- Imani M, Mirzaei M, Baghbanzadeh-Nobari B, et al (2017): Effects of forage provision to dairy calves on growth performance and rumen fermentation: A meta-analysis and metaregression. J Dairy Sci, 100, 1136-1150.
- Jarrah A, Ghorbani GR, Rezamand P, et al (2013): Short communication: Effects of processing methods of barley grain in starter diets on feed intake and performance of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 96, 7269-7273.
- Kargar S, Ghorbani GR, Alikhani M, et al (2012): Lactation performance and milk fatty acid profile of Holstein cows in response to dietary fat supplementation. Livest Sci, 150, 274-283.
- Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Mirzaei M, Jahani-Moghadam M, et al (2016): Interactions between levels of heat-treated soybean meal and prilled fat on growth, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites of Holstein calves. J Anim Sci, 94, 4267-4275.
- Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, et al (2008): Starch source evaluation in calf starter: II. Ruminal parameters, rumen development, nutrient digestibilities, and nitrogen utilization in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 91, 1140-1149.
- Khan MA, Weary DM, Von Keyserlingk MAG (2011): Hay intake improves performance and rumen development of calves fed higher quantities of milk. J Dairy Sci, 94, 3547–3553.
- McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD (2002): Animal Nutrition, 6th Edition, Longman, London and New York, 543 p.
- Mirzaei M, Khorvash M, Ghorbani GR, et al (2016): Interactions between the physical form of starter (mashed versus textured) and corn silage provision on performance, rumen fermentation, and structural growth of Holstein calves. J Anim Sci, 94, 678–686.
- Mirzakhani A, Ghorbani GR, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, et al (2021): Effects of starter protein content and alkali processing of wheat straw on growth, ruminal fermentation, and behavior in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 104, 3098-3108.
- Nemati M, Amanlou H, Khorvash M, et al (2016): Effect of different alfalfa hay levels on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and structural growth of Holstein dairy calves. J Anim Sci, 94, 1141–1148.
- Nilieh MR, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Mirzaei M, et al (2018): Interaction effect of starter physical form and alfalfa hay on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in Holstein calves. J Livest Sci Technol, 6, 9-19.
- Omidi-Mirzaei H, Azarfar A, Mirzaei M, et al (2018): Interaction between physical form and forage source on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 101, 1-11.
- Owens WE, Ray CH, Watts JL, et al (1997): Comparison of success of antibiotic therapy during lactation and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 80, 313–317.
- Pazoki A, Ghorbani GR, Kargar S, et al (2017): Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and rumen development of calves during transition from liquid to solid feed: Effects of physical forms of starter feed and forage provision. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 243, 173-185.
- Pezhveh N, Ghorbani GR, Rezamand P, et al (2014): Effects of different physical forms of wheat grain in corn-based starter on performance of young Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 97, 6382–6390.
- Phillips CJC (2004): The effects of forage provision and group size on the behavior of calves. J Dairy Sci, 87,1380–1388.
- Phuong HN, Friggens NC, de Boer IJB, et al (2014): Factors affecting energy and nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci, 96, 7245-7259.
- Porter JC, Warner RG, Kertz AF (2007): Effect of fiber level and physical form of starter on growth and development of dairy calves fed no forage. Prof Anim Sci, 23, 395–400.
- SAS (2003): SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhances Through Release 9.1.3. SAS Institute Inc Cary, North Carolina. USA.
- Suarez BJ, Reenen CGV, Stockhofe N, et al (2007): Effect of roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. J Dairy Sci, 90, 2390–2403.
- Terre M, Castells L, Khan MA, et al (2015): Interaction between the physical form of the starter feed and straw provision on growth performance of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 98, 1–9.
- Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991): Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber nonstarch polysaccharide in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci, 74, 3583–3597.
- Zitnan R, Voigt J, Schonhusen U, et al (1998): Influence of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves. Arch Tierernahr, 51, 279–291.
There are 38 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary Sciences (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 23, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023Volume: 70 Issue: 3 |
