Research Article
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Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator

Year 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 1, 89 - 100, 02.01.2024

Ali Gülaydın İsmail Alkan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1063887

Abstract

In this study, clinical and radiological findings obtained from the treatment of distal femur fractures in cats with hybrid external fixator were evaluated. A total of 10 cats of different ages, breeds and genders with clinically diagnosed femur fractures were used as research material. In the study, hybrid external fixators consisting of circular and linear fixators were used as osteosynthesis material. Closed reduction and external fixation methods were used in 2 cases diagnosed with closed fractures, while limited open reduction and external fixation methods were used in 8 cases diagnosed with open fractures or excessive dislocations. In the radiological examination findings, it was determined that fracture consolidation started on the post-operative 7th day in 9 cases and on the 10th day in 1 case, respectively. Fracture healing was completed in 4 weeks in 2 cases, in 5 weeks in 2 cases, and in 6 weeks in 6 cases (osseous callus was detected). Fixators were removed one week after healing was completed in all patients. In the study, soft tissue complications such as edema in the extremities in 3 cases, mild pin infection in 3 cases and open wounds in 4 cases were determined. However, it was observed that these complications did not adversely affect the recovery time. As a result, with the data obtained from the study, it was concluded that the distal femur fractures in cats of the age and weight scales examined in the study can be successfully treated with the hybrid external fixator system.

Keywords

Cat Femur Fracture Hybrid External Fikxator

Ethical Statement

This study was carried out after the animal experiment was approved by Siirt University Local Ethics Committee (Decision number: 2018/16).

Supporting Institution

This research has been supported within the content of the project no TDK-2018-7750 by research fund of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University.

Project Number

TDK-2018-7750

Thanks

This study was derived from the PhD thesis of the first author. We would like to thank the Tasarım Med Firm for their support.

References

  • Altunatmaz K, Karabağlı M, Aydın Kaya D, et al (2017): The treatment of supracondylar and diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats using intramedullary two-way stacked Kirschner wire application. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 41, 282-287.
  • Anderson DA, St Jean G (1996): External skeletal fixation in ruminants. Adv Rum Orthop, 12, 117-152.
  • Aslanbey D (2002): Veteriner Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji. Özkan Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Beale B (2004): Orthopedic clinical techniques femur fracture repair. ClinTech Small Anim Pract, 19, 134-150.
  • Bilgili H (2004): Circular external fixation system of Ilizarov: part V. Fracture treatment by the Ilizarov technique. Vet Cer Derg, 10, 75-89.
  • Bilgili H, Aslanbey D (2000): Uzun kemiklerin epifizer bölge kırıkları: Bölüm IV. kedi ve köpeklerde distal epifizer bölge kırıklarında sağaltım metodlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak araştırılması. Vet Cer Derg, 6, 12-21.
  • Bilgili H, Yıldırım M, Olcay B (1999): The complication of pin track infection causedy using Ilizarov’s circular external fixator on tibia of dogs. Turk J Vet Surg, 5, 41-44.
  • Ferretti A (1991): The Application of the Ilizarov technique to veterinary medicine. 551–570. In: Maiocchi AB, Aronson J (Ed), Operative principles of Ilizarov appendix. ASAMI Group, İtaly.
  • Gasser B, Boman B, Wyder D (1990): Stiffness characteristics of the circular Ilizarov device as opposed to conventional external fixation. J BiolEng, 112, 15-21.
  • Green SA (1993): The technique of circular external fixation. 949-984. In: Chapman MW and Madison M (Ed), Operative Orthopaedics. Lippincott Company, Philladelphia.
  • Gülaydın A, Sarierler M (2018): Treatment of Long Bone Fractures in Calves with Ilizarov External Fixator. Vet Comp OrthopTraumatol, 31, 364-372.
  • Gülşen M (2010): Ilizarov technical applications and indications. In: 15. İlizarov Education Meeting. May 14 to 16, Adana, Turkey.
  • Harari J (2002): Treatment for feline long bone fractures. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 32, 927-947.
  • Havıtçıoglu H (1999): Ilizarov eksternal fiksatörü uygulaması biyomekanik prensipleri. 35-46. In: Çakmak M, Kocaoğlu M (Ed), İlizarov Cerrahisi ve Prensipleri. Doruk Grafik, İstanbul.
  • Havıtçıoğlu H (1999): Indications of external fixators. 17–22. In: Çakmak M, Kocaoğlu M (Ed). İlizarov Surgery and its principles. Doruk Grafik, İstanbul.
  • İnan M (1999): Komlikasyonlar ve zorluklar. 237-254. In: Çakmak M, Kocaoğlu M (Ed). İlizarov Surgeryand its principles. Doruk Grafik, İstanbul.
  • Jimenez- Haras, M, Rovesti. GL, et al (2014): Evaluation of sixty-eight cases of fracture stabilization by external hybrid fixation and a proposal forhybrid construct classification. BMC Vet Res, 10: 189-199.
  • Kürüm B, Bilgili H, Yardımcı C (2002): Ilizarov’un sirküler eksternal fikzasyon sistemi bölüm IV: sistemin biyomekenik özellikleri. Vet Cer Derg, 8, 107-115.
  • Macias C, Gibbons SE, McKeey WM, et al (2006): T humeral fractures with supracondylar comminution in five cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 47, 89–93.
  • Manchi G, Brunnberg MM, Shahid M, et al (2017): Radial and ulnar fracture treatment with paraosseous clamp-cerclage stabilisation technique in 17 toy breed dogs. Vet Rec Open, 4, e000194.
  • Marcellin-Little DJ (2003): External skelatal fixation. 1818-1835. In: Slatter. D (Ed), Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
  • Mutlu Z, Özsoy S (2003): Köpeklerin ekstremitelerinde ilizarov eksternal fiksatör uygulamaları üzerine klinik çalışmalar. İstanbul ÜnivVet Fak, 29, 119-135.
  • Özak A, Yardımcı C, Nisbet HÖ, et al (2009): Treatment of long bone fractures with acrylic external fixation in dogs and cats: Retrospective study in 30 cases (2006-2008). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15, 615-622.
  • Özsoy S, Altunatmaz K (2003): Treatment of extremity fractures in dogs using external fixators with closed reduction and limited open approach. Vet Med-Czech, 48, 133-140.
  • Paley D (1990): Mechanical evaluation of external fixatorused in limblengthening. Clin Orthop, 250, 50-57.
  • Patel TP, Mistry JN, Patel PB, et al (2012): Clinical and radiographic evaluation of tibia fracture management using intramedullary pinning – a study in three calves. Intas Polivet, 13, 435–439.
  • Piermattei DL, Flo GL, De Camp CE (2006): Hand book of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair. 125-159. In: Fractures classification, diagnosis and treatment. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
  • Radasch RM, Lewis DF, McDonald DE, et al (2008): Pes varus correction in dachshunds using a hybrid external fixation. Vet Surg, 37, 71-81.
  • Ramesh N, Anil M, Rahavender KBP, et al (2018): A clinical study on the use of single arrow-pin technique for management of supracondylar femoral fractures in young dogs. J Entomol Zool Stud, 6, 1047-1050.
  • Rao JR, Kumar VG, Rao TM, et al (2016): Use of Hybrid External Fixation Technique in the Repair of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 5, 579-586.
  • Rathnadiwakara R, De Silva D, Wijekoon H (2020): Treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures in Young cats and dogs using “Arrow Pin” technique. J Vet Med Animal Sci, 3: 1017-21.
  • Rovesti GL, Bosio A, Marcellin-Little DJ (2007): Manegament of 49 antebrachial and crural fractures in dogs using circular external fixators. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 48, 194-200.
  • Sağlam M, Yeşilören M (2013): Kedilerde karşılaşılan ekstremite uzun kemiklerinin kırıklarında modifiye eksternal fiksatör kullanımıyla sağaltım sonuçlarının klinik ve radyolojik değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 60, 103-108.
  • Saılaja B (2013): Management Of Dıstal Tıbıal Shaft Fractures Wıth Hybrıd External Skeletal Fıxators In Dogs. Ph.D. dissertation, SriVenkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati.
  • Sancak IG, Özdemir Ö, Ulusan S, et al (2014): Treatment of tibial fractures in seven cats using circular external skeletal fixation. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 61, 173-178.
  • Sande R (1999): Radiography of orthopedic trauma and fracture repair. Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 29, 1247-1260.
  • Sereda CW, Lewis DD, Radasch RM, et al (2009): Descriptive report of antebrachial growth deformity correction in 17 dogs from 1999 to 2007, using hybrid linear-circular external fixators constructs. Can Vet J, 50, 723–732.
  • Silva HR, Clements DN, Yeadon R, et al (2012): Linear-circular external skeletal fixation of intra-condylar humeral fractures with supracondylar comminution in fourcats. Vet Comp OrthopTraumatol, 25, 61-66.
  • Singh GR, Aithal HP, Amarpal A, et al (2007): Evulation of two dynamic axial fixators for large ruminants. Veterinary Surgery, 36, 88-97.
  • Spångberg C, Spångberg IB, Bergström A (2019): Stainless steel wire in a figure-of-eight for repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in ten cats: a case report. J Vet Sci, 20, 71-7.
  • Şen İ, Sağlam M, (2021): Treatment outcomes of using paraosseous clamp and cerclage stabilisation technique in long bone fractures of cats:a retrospective study. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 68, 47-52.

Year 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 1, 89 - 100, 02.01.2024

Ali Gülaydın İsmail Alkan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1063887

Abstract

Supporting Institution

Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından TDK-2018-7750 no' lu proje olarak desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

TDK-2018-7750

References

  • Altunatmaz K, Karabağlı M, Aydın Kaya D, et al (2017): The treatment of supracondylar and diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats using intramedullary two-way stacked Kirschner wire application. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 41, 282-287.
  • Anderson DA, St Jean G (1996): External skeletal fixation in ruminants. Adv Rum Orthop, 12, 117-152.
  • Aslanbey D (2002): Veteriner Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji. Özkan Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Beale B (2004): Orthopedic clinical techniques femur fracture repair. ClinTech Small Anim Pract, 19, 134-150.
  • Bilgili H (2004): Circular external fixation system of Ilizarov: part V. Fracture treatment by the Ilizarov technique. Vet Cer Derg, 10, 75-89.
  • Bilgili H, Aslanbey D (2000): Uzun kemiklerin epifizer bölge kırıkları: Bölüm IV. kedi ve köpeklerde distal epifizer bölge kırıklarında sağaltım metodlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak araştırılması. Vet Cer Derg, 6, 12-21.
  • Bilgili H, Yıldırım M, Olcay B (1999): The complication of pin track infection causedy using Ilizarov’s circular external fixator on tibia of dogs. Turk J Vet Surg, 5, 41-44.
  • Ferretti A (1991): The Application of the Ilizarov technique to veterinary medicine. 551–570. In: Maiocchi AB, Aronson J (Ed), Operative principles of Ilizarov appendix. ASAMI Group, İtaly.
  • Gasser B, Boman B, Wyder D (1990): Stiffness characteristics of the circular Ilizarov device as opposed to conventional external fixation. J BiolEng, 112, 15-21.
  • Green SA (1993): The technique of circular external fixation. 949-984. In: Chapman MW and Madison M (Ed), Operative Orthopaedics. Lippincott Company, Philladelphia.
  • Gülaydın A, Sarierler M (2018): Treatment of Long Bone Fractures in Calves with Ilizarov External Fixator. Vet Comp OrthopTraumatol, 31, 364-372.
  • Gülşen M (2010): Ilizarov technical applications and indications. In: 15. İlizarov Education Meeting. May 14 to 16, Adana, Turkey.
  • Harari J (2002): Treatment for feline long bone fractures. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 32, 927-947.
  • Havıtçıoglu H (1999): Ilizarov eksternal fiksatörü uygulaması biyomekanik prensipleri. 35-46. In: Çakmak M, Kocaoğlu M (Ed), İlizarov Cerrahisi ve Prensipleri. Doruk Grafik, İstanbul.
  • Havıtçıoğlu H (1999): Indications of external fixators. 17–22. In: Çakmak M, Kocaoğlu M (Ed). İlizarov Surgery and its principles. Doruk Grafik, İstanbul.
  • İnan M (1999): Komlikasyonlar ve zorluklar. 237-254. In: Çakmak M, Kocaoğlu M (Ed). İlizarov Surgeryand its principles. Doruk Grafik, İstanbul.
  • Jimenez- Haras, M, Rovesti. GL, et al (2014): Evaluation of sixty-eight cases of fracture stabilization by external hybrid fixation and a proposal forhybrid construct classification. BMC Vet Res, 10: 189-199.
  • Kürüm B, Bilgili H, Yardımcı C (2002): Ilizarov’un sirküler eksternal fikzasyon sistemi bölüm IV: sistemin biyomekenik özellikleri. Vet Cer Derg, 8, 107-115.
  • Macias C, Gibbons SE, McKeey WM, et al (2006): T humeral fractures with supracondylar comminution in five cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 47, 89–93.
  • Manchi G, Brunnberg MM, Shahid M, et al (2017): Radial and ulnar fracture treatment with paraosseous clamp-cerclage stabilisation technique in 17 toy breed dogs. Vet Rec Open, 4, e000194.
  • Marcellin-Little DJ (2003): External skelatal fixation. 1818-1835. In: Slatter. D (Ed), Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
  • Mutlu Z, Özsoy S (2003): Köpeklerin ekstremitelerinde ilizarov eksternal fiksatör uygulamaları üzerine klinik çalışmalar. İstanbul ÜnivVet Fak, 29, 119-135.
  • Özak A, Yardımcı C, Nisbet HÖ, et al (2009): Treatment of long bone fractures with acrylic external fixation in dogs and cats: Retrospective study in 30 cases (2006-2008). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15, 615-622.
  • Özsoy S, Altunatmaz K (2003): Treatment of extremity fractures in dogs using external fixators with closed reduction and limited open approach. Vet Med-Czech, 48, 133-140.
  • Paley D (1990): Mechanical evaluation of external fixatorused in limblengthening. Clin Orthop, 250, 50-57.
  • Patel TP, Mistry JN, Patel PB, et al (2012): Clinical and radiographic evaluation of tibia fracture management using intramedullary pinning – a study in three calves. Intas Polivet, 13, 435–439.
  • Piermattei DL, Flo GL, De Camp CE (2006): Hand book of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair. 125-159. In: Fractures classification, diagnosis and treatment. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
  • Radasch RM, Lewis DF, McDonald DE, et al (2008): Pes varus correction in dachshunds using a hybrid external fixation. Vet Surg, 37, 71-81.
  • Ramesh N, Anil M, Rahavender KBP, et al (2018): A clinical study on the use of single arrow-pin technique for management of supracondylar femoral fractures in young dogs. J Entomol Zool Stud, 6, 1047-1050.
  • Rao JR, Kumar VG, Rao TM, et al (2016): Use of Hybrid External Fixation Technique in the Repair of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 5, 579-586.
  • Rathnadiwakara R, De Silva D, Wijekoon H (2020): Treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures in Young cats and dogs using “Arrow Pin” technique. J Vet Med Animal Sci, 3: 1017-21.
  • Rovesti GL, Bosio A, Marcellin-Little DJ (2007): Manegament of 49 antebrachial and crural fractures in dogs using circular external fixators. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 48, 194-200.
  • Sağlam M, Yeşilören M (2013): Kedilerde karşılaşılan ekstremite uzun kemiklerinin kırıklarında modifiye eksternal fiksatör kullanımıyla sağaltım sonuçlarının klinik ve radyolojik değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 60, 103-108.
  • Saılaja B (2013): Management Of Dıstal Tıbıal Shaft Fractures Wıth Hybrıd External Skeletal Fıxators In Dogs. Ph.D. dissertation, SriVenkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati.
  • Sancak IG, Özdemir Ö, Ulusan S, et al (2014): Treatment of tibial fractures in seven cats using circular external skeletal fixation. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 61, 173-178.
  • Sande R (1999): Radiography of orthopedic trauma and fracture repair. Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 29, 1247-1260.
  • Sereda CW, Lewis DD, Radasch RM, et al (2009): Descriptive report of antebrachial growth deformity correction in 17 dogs from 1999 to 2007, using hybrid linear-circular external fixators constructs. Can Vet J, 50, 723–732.
  • Silva HR, Clements DN, Yeadon R, et al (2012): Linear-circular external skeletal fixation of intra-condylar humeral fractures with supracondylar comminution in fourcats. Vet Comp OrthopTraumatol, 25, 61-66.
  • Singh GR, Aithal HP, Amarpal A, et al (2007): Evulation of two dynamic axial fixators for large ruminants. Veterinary Surgery, 36, 88-97.
  • Spångberg C, Spångberg IB, Bergström A (2019): Stainless steel wire in a figure-of-eight for repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in ten cats: a case report. J Vet Sci, 20, 71-7.
  • Şen İ, Sağlam M, (2021): Treatment outcomes of using paraosseous clamp and cerclage stabilisation technique in long bone fractures of cats:a retrospective study. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 68, 47-52.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ali Gülaydın 0000-0002-7200-1040

İsmail Alkan 0000-0002-1474-2262

Project Number TDK-2018-7750
Publication Date January 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 71 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gülaydın, A., & Alkan, İ. (2024). Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 71(1), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1063887
AMA Gülaydın A, Alkan İ. Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. January 2024;71(1):89-100. doi:10.33988/auvfd.1063887
Chicago Gülaydın, Ali, and İsmail Alkan. “Evaluation of Distal Femur Fractures in Cats by Hybrid External Fixator”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 71, no. 1 (January 2024): 89-100. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1063887.
EndNote Gülaydın A, Alkan İ (January 1, 2024) Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 71 1 89–100.
IEEE A. Gülaydın and İ. Alkan, “Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 89–100, 2024, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.1063887.
ISNAD Gülaydın, Ali - Alkan, İsmail. “Evaluation of Distal Femur Fractures in Cats by Hybrid External Fixator”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 71/1 (January 2024), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1063887.
JAMA Gülaydın A, Alkan İ. Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2024;71:89–100.
MLA Gülaydın, Ali and İsmail Alkan. “Evaluation of Distal Femur Fractures in Cats by Hybrid External Fixator”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 71, no. 1, 2024, pp. 89-100, doi:10.33988/auvfd.1063887.
Vancouver Gülaydın A, Alkan İ. Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2024;71(1):89-100.
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