Research Article
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The principal component of body height linear type traits and its relationship level to milk yields as Holstein cattle selection criterion

Year 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 437 - 444, 23.09.2024

Sigid Prabowo , Mustafa Garip

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1251983

Abstract

The essential body height characteristics associated with milk yields must be carefully identified. In particular, this study sought to identify the most relevant body height dimension trait as a selection criterion for the milk yield increase program. The test animals for the study were 121 heads of Holstein cows, and seven characteristics of body height were recorded for each cow separately. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation, and regression were used to analyze the data. As an analytical tool, the R program 4.2.1 with RStudio was employed. The primary elements discovered in PCA's output were the wither height (WTH), back height (BCH), rump height (RMH), thurl height (TLH), tail-head height (THH), and pins height (PNH). Afterward, the correlation and regression analysis findings showed that the rear udder height (RUH) had the highest priority in correlating with milk yields, followed by the thurl height (TLH). In conclusion, it is proposed that the RUH be utilized for the cow selection scheme while the TLH is used for the calf and heifer selection programs.

Keywords

body measurement correlation dairy cows Height dimension

Ethical Statement

This study was carried out after the animal experiment was approved by Airlangga University Local Ethics Committee (Decision number: 3.KE.137.12.2021).

Thanks

The writers would like to thank all the Zootechnic Veterinary Department of Selçuk University staff and UD. Saputra Jaya for their valuable contributions to the study.

References

  • Abreu BDS, Barbosa SBP, Silva ECD, et al (2020): Principal component and cluster analyses to evaluate production and milk quality traits. J Rev Cienc Agron, 51, 20196977.
  • Akbulut O, Tuzemen N, Yanar M, et al (1998): Relationship of early live weight and body measurements with first lactation milk yield characteristics in brown Swiss cattle. J Res Agric Sci, 29, 250-258.
  • Alcantara LM, Baes CF, Oliveira Jr GA, et al (2022): Conformation traits of Holstein cows and their association with a Canadian economic selection index. Can J Anim Sci, 102, 490-500.
  • Ali TE, Burnside E, Schaeffer L (1984): Relationship between external body measurements and calving difficulties in Canadian Holstein-Friesian cattle. J Dairy Sci, 67, 3034-3044.
  • Altarriba J, Varona L, Moreno C, et al (2006): Effect of growth selection on morphology in Pirenaica cattle. J Anim Res, 55, 55-63.
  • Arango J, Cundiff LV, Van Vleck LD (2002): Genetic parameters for weight, weight adjusted for body condition score, height, and body condition score in beef cows. J Anim Sci, 80, 3112-3122.
  • Bennett G, Gregory K (2001): Genetic (co) variances for calving difficulty score in composite and parental populations of beef cattle: I. Calving difficulty score, birth weight, weaning weight, and postweaning gain. J Anim Sci, 79, 45-51.
  • Bjelland D, Weigel K, Hoffman P, et al (2011): Production, reproduction, health, and growth traits in backcross Holstein× Jersey cows and their Holstein contemporaries. J Dairy Sci, 94, 5194-5203.
  • Braga AP, Carneiro Júnior JM, Pinheiro AK, et al (2020): Genetic parameters of Girolando crossbred cows in dairy herds in the state of Acre, Brazil. Arq CiêncVet ZoologUNIPAR, 23, e2311.
  • Bretschneider G, Arias DR, Cuatrin A (2015): Comparative evaluation of udder and body conformation traits of first lactation ¾ Holstein x ¼ Jersey versus Holstein cows. Arch Med Vet, 47, 85-89.
  • Cerqueira J, Araújo J, Vaz P, et al (2013): Relationship between zoometric measurements in Holstein-Friesian cow and cubicle size in dairy farms. Int J Morphol, 31, 55-63.
  • Choy Y, Brinks J, Bourdon R (2002): Repeated-measure animal models to estimate genetic components of mature weight, hip height, and body condition score. J Anim Sci, 80, 2071-2077.
  • Crowley J, Evans R, Mc Hugh N, et al (2011): Genetic associations between feed efficiency measured in a performance test station and performance of growing cattle in commercial beef herds. J Anim Sci, 89, 3382-3393.
  • DeGroot B, Keown JF, Van Vleck LD, et al (2002): Genetic parameters and responses of linear type, yield traits, and somatic cell scores to divergent selection for predicted transmitting ability for type in Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 85, 1578-1585.
  • Del Águila MR, Benítez-Parejo N (2011): Simple linear and multivariate regression models. J Allergol Immunopathol, 39, 159-173.
  • Des Roches ADB, Lardy R, Capdeville J, et al (2019): Do International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR) dimension recommendations for loose housing of cows improve animal welfare? J Dairy Sci, 102, 10235-10249.
  • Genç S (2018): Comparison of classical and photograph methods of body measurements in Holstein cattle. Black Sea J Eng Sci, 1, 89-97.
  • Gibson MJ, Adams BR, Back PJ, et al (2022): Live Weight and Bone Growth from Birth to 23 Months of Age in Holstein–Friesian, Jersey and Crossbred Heifers. J Dairy Sci, 3, 333-344.
  • Gomez Y (2017): Effect of milking stall dimensions on behavior and physiology of dairy cows during milking. ETH Zurich: Switzerland.
  • Hiew WHM (2014): Prediction of parturition and dystocia in holstein-friesian cattle, and cesarean section in dystocic beef cattle, in Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine. Purdue University: West Lafayette, Indiana.
  • ICAR (2014): International Agreement of Recording Practices - ICAR Recording Guidelines. International Committee Animal Recording: Berlin, Germany.
  • Kern EL, Cobuci JA, Costa CN, et al (2015): Genetic association between longevity and linear type traits of Holstein cows. J Sci Agric, 72, 203-209.
  • Kertz A, Barton B, Reutzel L (1998): Relative efficiencies of wither height and body weight increase from birth until first calving in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci, 81, 1479-1482.
  • Kleiber M, Mead S (1941): Body size and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 24, 127-134.
  • Lawstuen D, Hansen L, Johnson L (1987): Inheritance and relationships of linear type traits for age groups of Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 70, 1027-1035.
  • Lishchuk S (2021): Comparative evaluations of body structure and exterior index of bulls different dairy breeds. Podilian Bull Agric Eng Econ, 34, 33-38.
  • Lomillos JM, Alonso ME (2020): Morphometric characterization of the Lidia cattle breed. J Anim, 10, 1180.
  • Lush JL, Shrode RR (1950): Changes in milk production with age and milking frequency. J Dairy Sci, 33, 338-357.
  • Magnabosco C, Ojala M, De los Reyes A, et al (2002): Estimates of environmental effects and genetic parameters for body measurements and weight in Brahman cattle raised in Mexico. J Anim Breed Genet, 119, 221-228.
  • Malinova R, Nikolov V (2019): Study on the body conformation of breeding female cattle of the Rhodope Shorthorn Cattle breed. Bulgarian J AgricSci, 25, 756-761.
  • Matthews C, Swett W, McDowell R (1975): External form and internal anatomy of Holsteins and Jerseys. J Dairy Sci, 58, 1453-1475.
  • McGee M, Keane MG, Neilan R, et al (2007): Body and carcass measurements, carcass conformation and tissue distribution of high dairy genetic merit Holstein, standard dairy genetic merit Friesian and Charolais× Holstein-Friesian male cattle. Irish J Agric Food Res, 46, 129-147.
  • Mimaryan M, Yener S (2000): Morphological characteristics and correlations between live weight and milk yield in Holstein-Friesian cows and opportunities to benefit from them in selection. Tarım Bilim Derg, 6, 82-85.
  • Nikitovic J, Andrijasevic D, Krajisnik T, et al (2021): Morphometric measures of the Gatacko cattle on the territory of Gacko municipality. J Agric Forest, 67, 159-166.
  • Nogalski Z, Mordas W (2012): Pelvic parameters in Holstein-Friesian and Jersey heifers in relation to their calving. Pakistan Vet J, 32, 507-510.
  • Oliveira Junior G, Schenkel F, Alcantara L, et al (2021): Estimated genetic parameters for all genetically evaluated traits in Canadian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 104, 9002-9015.
  • Önal AR, Dama E, Tuna YT (2021): Relationship between production characteristics and proportion of body measurements of Holstein cows. KSU J Agric Nat, 24, 1343-1348.
  • Pandian ASS, Selvakumar K (2013): An application of principal component analysis on factors associated with milk production in Tamil Nadu. Res J Anim Husb Dairy Sci, 4, 19-22.
  • Prabowo S, Panjono, Rusman (2012): Carcass weight predictor variables of live Simmental crossbreed Ongole bulls. Bull Anim Sci, 36, 95-102.
  • Rastija T, Ljubešić J, Antunović Z, et al (2002): Effect of some Holstein foals birth body measurements on later development. J Stočarstvo, 56, 3-13.
  • Shanks R, Spahr S (1982): Relationships among udder depth, hip height, hip width, and daily milk production in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 65, 1771-1775.
  • Sieber M, Freeman A, Kelley D (1988): Relationships between body measurements, body weight, and productivity in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 71, 3437-3445.
  • Slimene A, Damergi C, Najar T, et al (2020): Characterization of Holstein cull cows using morphometric measurements: Towards cattle grading system in Tunisia. J Adv Anim Vet Sci, 8, 1340-1345.
  • Thompson J, Freeman A, Berger P (1980): Variation of traits of a mating appraisal program. J Dairy Sci, 63, 133-140.
  • Tilki M, İnal Ş, Colak M, et al (2005): Relationships between milk yield and udder measurements in Brown Swiss cows. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci, 29, 75-81.
  • Ting W, Shiqiang Z (2011): Study on linear correlation coefficient and nonlinear correlation coefficient in mathematical statistics. J Studies Math Sci, 3, 58-63.
  • Tolenkhomba T, Konsam D, Singh NS (2012): Factor analysis of body measurements of local cows of Manipur, India. J Inter Multidiscip Res , 2, 77-82.
  • Touchberry RW, Lush J (1950): The accuracy of linear body measurements of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 33, 72-80.
  • Turner CW, Yamamoto H, Ruppert Jr H (1956): The experimental induction of growth of the cow's udder and the initiation of milk secretion. J Mo Agr Expt Station, 39, 1717-1729.
  • Tyasi TL, Putra WPB (2022): Principal component analysis (PCA) in the body measurement of Nguni cows. Pakistan J Zool, 54, 1-4.
  • Tyler W (1970): Relationship between growth traits and production of milk and meat. J Dairy Sci, 53, 830-836.
  • Ural DA (2013): Analysis of relations between the type traits and milk yield in Holstein-Friesian cows in Aydın. J Anim Health Prod Hyg, 2, 167-173.
  • Van Vleck LD, Norman H (1972): Association of type traits with reasons for disposal. J Dairy Sci, 55, 1698-1705.
  • Vargas C, Elzo M, Chase Jr C, et al (2000): Genetic parameters and relationships between hip height and weight in Brahman cattle. J Anim Sci, 78, 3045-3052.
  • Winkler R, Penna V, Pereira C, et al (1997): Estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters of body weight and body measurements in mature bovine females of the Guzera breed. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec, 49, 353-363.

Year 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 437 - 444, 23.09.2024

Sigid Prabowo , Mustafa Garip

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1251983

Abstract

References

  • Abreu BDS, Barbosa SBP, Silva ECD, et al (2020): Principal component and cluster analyses to evaluate production and milk quality traits. J Rev Cienc Agron, 51, 20196977.
  • Akbulut O, Tuzemen N, Yanar M, et al (1998): Relationship of early live weight and body measurements with first lactation milk yield characteristics in brown Swiss cattle. J Res Agric Sci, 29, 250-258.
  • Alcantara LM, Baes CF, Oliveira Jr GA, et al (2022): Conformation traits of Holstein cows and their association with a Canadian economic selection index. Can J Anim Sci, 102, 490-500.
  • Ali TE, Burnside E, Schaeffer L (1984): Relationship between external body measurements and calving difficulties in Canadian Holstein-Friesian cattle. J Dairy Sci, 67, 3034-3044.
  • Altarriba J, Varona L, Moreno C, et al (2006): Effect of growth selection on morphology in Pirenaica cattle. J Anim Res, 55, 55-63.
  • Arango J, Cundiff LV, Van Vleck LD (2002): Genetic parameters for weight, weight adjusted for body condition score, height, and body condition score in beef cows. J Anim Sci, 80, 3112-3122.
  • Bennett G, Gregory K (2001): Genetic (co) variances for calving difficulty score in composite and parental populations of beef cattle: I. Calving difficulty score, birth weight, weaning weight, and postweaning gain. J Anim Sci, 79, 45-51.
  • Bjelland D, Weigel K, Hoffman P, et al (2011): Production, reproduction, health, and growth traits in backcross Holstein× Jersey cows and their Holstein contemporaries. J Dairy Sci, 94, 5194-5203.
  • Braga AP, Carneiro Júnior JM, Pinheiro AK, et al (2020): Genetic parameters of Girolando crossbred cows in dairy herds in the state of Acre, Brazil. Arq CiêncVet ZoologUNIPAR, 23, e2311.
  • Bretschneider G, Arias DR, Cuatrin A (2015): Comparative evaluation of udder and body conformation traits of first lactation ¾ Holstein x ¼ Jersey versus Holstein cows. Arch Med Vet, 47, 85-89.
  • Cerqueira J, Araújo J, Vaz P, et al (2013): Relationship between zoometric measurements in Holstein-Friesian cow and cubicle size in dairy farms. Int J Morphol, 31, 55-63.
  • Choy Y, Brinks J, Bourdon R (2002): Repeated-measure animal models to estimate genetic components of mature weight, hip height, and body condition score. J Anim Sci, 80, 2071-2077.
  • Crowley J, Evans R, Mc Hugh N, et al (2011): Genetic associations between feed efficiency measured in a performance test station and performance of growing cattle in commercial beef herds. J Anim Sci, 89, 3382-3393.
  • DeGroot B, Keown JF, Van Vleck LD, et al (2002): Genetic parameters and responses of linear type, yield traits, and somatic cell scores to divergent selection for predicted transmitting ability for type in Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 85, 1578-1585.
  • Del Águila MR, Benítez-Parejo N (2011): Simple linear and multivariate regression models. J Allergol Immunopathol, 39, 159-173.
  • Des Roches ADB, Lardy R, Capdeville J, et al (2019): Do International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR) dimension recommendations for loose housing of cows improve animal welfare? J Dairy Sci, 102, 10235-10249.
  • Genç S (2018): Comparison of classical and photograph methods of body measurements in Holstein cattle. Black Sea J Eng Sci, 1, 89-97.
  • Gibson MJ, Adams BR, Back PJ, et al (2022): Live Weight and Bone Growth from Birth to 23 Months of Age in Holstein–Friesian, Jersey and Crossbred Heifers. J Dairy Sci, 3, 333-344.
  • Gomez Y (2017): Effect of milking stall dimensions on behavior and physiology of dairy cows during milking. ETH Zurich: Switzerland.
  • Hiew WHM (2014): Prediction of parturition and dystocia in holstein-friesian cattle, and cesarean section in dystocic beef cattle, in Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine. Purdue University: West Lafayette, Indiana.
  • ICAR (2014): International Agreement of Recording Practices - ICAR Recording Guidelines. International Committee Animal Recording: Berlin, Germany.
  • Kern EL, Cobuci JA, Costa CN, et al (2015): Genetic association between longevity and linear type traits of Holstein cows. J Sci Agric, 72, 203-209.
  • Kertz A, Barton B, Reutzel L (1998): Relative efficiencies of wither height and body weight increase from birth until first calving in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci, 81, 1479-1482.
  • Kleiber M, Mead S (1941): Body size and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 24, 127-134.
  • Lawstuen D, Hansen L, Johnson L (1987): Inheritance and relationships of linear type traits for age groups of Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 70, 1027-1035.
  • Lishchuk S (2021): Comparative evaluations of body structure and exterior index of bulls different dairy breeds. Podilian Bull Agric Eng Econ, 34, 33-38.
  • Lomillos JM, Alonso ME (2020): Morphometric characterization of the Lidia cattle breed. J Anim, 10, 1180.
  • Lush JL, Shrode RR (1950): Changes in milk production with age and milking frequency. J Dairy Sci, 33, 338-357.
  • Magnabosco C, Ojala M, De los Reyes A, et al (2002): Estimates of environmental effects and genetic parameters for body measurements and weight in Brahman cattle raised in Mexico. J Anim Breed Genet, 119, 221-228.
  • Malinova R, Nikolov V (2019): Study on the body conformation of breeding female cattle of the Rhodope Shorthorn Cattle breed. Bulgarian J AgricSci, 25, 756-761.
  • Matthews C, Swett W, McDowell R (1975): External form and internal anatomy of Holsteins and Jerseys. J Dairy Sci, 58, 1453-1475.
  • McGee M, Keane MG, Neilan R, et al (2007): Body and carcass measurements, carcass conformation and tissue distribution of high dairy genetic merit Holstein, standard dairy genetic merit Friesian and Charolais× Holstein-Friesian male cattle. Irish J Agric Food Res, 46, 129-147.
  • Mimaryan M, Yener S (2000): Morphological characteristics and correlations between live weight and milk yield in Holstein-Friesian cows and opportunities to benefit from them in selection. Tarım Bilim Derg, 6, 82-85.
  • Nikitovic J, Andrijasevic D, Krajisnik T, et al (2021): Morphometric measures of the Gatacko cattle on the territory of Gacko municipality. J Agric Forest, 67, 159-166.
  • Nogalski Z, Mordas W (2012): Pelvic parameters in Holstein-Friesian and Jersey heifers in relation to their calving. Pakistan Vet J, 32, 507-510.
  • Oliveira Junior G, Schenkel F, Alcantara L, et al (2021): Estimated genetic parameters for all genetically evaluated traits in Canadian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 104, 9002-9015.
  • Önal AR, Dama E, Tuna YT (2021): Relationship between production characteristics and proportion of body measurements of Holstein cows. KSU J Agric Nat, 24, 1343-1348.
  • Pandian ASS, Selvakumar K (2013): An application of principal component analysis on factors associated with milk production in Tamil Nadu. Res J Anim Husb Dairy Sci, 4, 19-22.
  • Prabowo S, Panjono, Rusman (2012): Carcass weight predictor variables of live Simmental crossbreed Ongole bulls. Bull Anim Sci, 36, 95-102.
  • Rastija T, Ljubešić J, Antunović Z, et al (2002): Effect of some Holstein foals birth body measurements on later development. J Stočarstvo, 56, 3-13.
  • Shanks R, Spahr S (1982): Relationships among udder depth, hip height, hip width, and daily milk production in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 65, 1771-1775.
  • Sieber M, Freeman A, Kelley D (1988): Relationships between body measurements, body weight, and productivity in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 71, 3437-3445.
  • Slimene A, Damergi C, Najar T, et al (2020): Characterization of Holstein cull cows using morphometric measurements: Towards cattle grading system in Tunisia. J Adv Anim Vet Sci, 8, 1340-1345.
  • Thompson J, Freeman A, Berger P (1980): Variation of traits of a mating appraisal program. J Dairy Sci, 63, 133-140.
  • Tilki M, İnal Ş, Colak M, et al (2005): Relationships between milk yield and udder measurements in Brown Swiss cows. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci, 29, 75-81.
  • Ting W, Shiqiang Z (2011): Study on linear correlation coefficient and nonlinear correlation coefficient in mathematical statistics. J Studies Math Sci, 3, 58-63.
  • Tolenkhomba T, Konsam D, Singh NS (2012): Factor analysis of body measurements of local cows of Manipur, India. J Inter Multidiscip Res , 2, 77-82.
  • Touchberry RW, Lush J (1950): The accuracy of linear body measurements of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 33, 72-80.
  • Turner CW, Yamamoto H, Ruppert Jr H (1956): The experimental induction of growth of the cow's udder and the initiation of milk secretion. J Mo Agr Expt Station, 39, 1717-1729.
  • Tyasi TL, Putra WPB (2022): Principal component analysis (PCA) in the body measurement of Nguni cows. Pakistan J Zool, 54, 1-4.
  • Tyler W (1970): Relationship between growth traits and production of milk and meat. J Dairy Sci, 53, 830-836.
  • Ural DA (2013): Analysis of relations between the type traits and milk yield in Holstein-Friesian cows in Aydın. J Anim Health Prod Hyg, 2, 167-173.
  • Van Vleck LD, Norman H (1972): Association of type traits with reasons for disposal. J Dairy Sci, 55, 1698-1705.
  • Vargas C, Elzo M, Chase Jr C, et al (2000): Genetic parameters and relationships between hip height and weight in Brahman cattle. J Anim Sci, 78, 3045-3052.
  • Winkler R, Penna V, Pereira C, et al (1997): Estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters of body weight and body measurements in mature bovine females of the Guzera breed. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec, 49, 353-363.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Animal Science, Genetics and Biostatistics, Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sigid Prabowo 0000-0002-6965-0824

Mustafa Garip 0000-0002-1429-2724

Early Pub Date March 19, 2024
Publication Date September 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 71 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Prabowo, S., & Garip, M. (2024). The principal component of body height linear type traits and its relationship level to milk yields as Holstein cattle selection criterion. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 71(4), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1251983
AMA Prabowo S, Garip M. The principal component of body height linear type traits and its relationship level to milk yields as Holstein cattle selection criterion. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. September 2024;71(4):437-444. doi:10.33988/auvfd.1251983
Chicago Prabowo, Sigid, and Mustafa Garip. “The Principal Component of Body Height Linear Type Traits and Its Relationship Level to Milk Yields As Holstein Cattle Selection Criterion”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 71, no. 4 (September 2024): 437-44. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1251983.
EndNote Prabowo S, Garip M (September 1, 2024) The principal component of body height linear type traits and its relationship level to milk yields as Holstein cattle selection criterion. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 71 4 437–444.
IEEE S. Prabowo and M. Garip, “The principal component of body height linear type traits and its relationship level to milk yields as Holstein cattle selection criterion”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 437–444, 2024, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.1251983.
ISNAD Prabowo, Sigid - Garip, Mustafa. “The Principal Component of Body Height Linear Type Traits and Its Relationship Level to Milk Yields As Holstein Cattle Selection Criterion”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 71/4 (September 2024), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1251983.
JAMA Prabowo S, Garip M. The principal component of body height linear type traits and its relationship level to milk yields as Holstein cattle selection criterion. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2024;71:437–444.
MLA Prabowo, Sigid and Mustafa Garip. “The Principal Component of Body Height Linear Type Traits and Its Relationship Level to Milk Yields As Holstein Cattle Selection Criterion”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 71, no. 4, 2024, pp. 437-44, doi:10.33988/auvfd.1251983.
Vancouver Prabowo S, Garip M. The principal component of body height linear type traits and its relationship level to milk yields as Holstein cattle selection criterion. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2024;71(4):437-44.
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