Research Article
Year 2024,
Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 445 - 452, 23.09.2024
Abstract
This study attempted to assess the effects of micellized conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a feed additive for suckling calves on their growth performance and blood metabolic, oxidative, and immune parameters. Forty-eight Holstein calves were divided among four experimental groups (12 calves/treatment), including 1) calves with no CLA supplementation (CON), 2) calves supplemented with 1 gr CLA/d as micellized form by dissolving 5 mL/d of a CLA-contained emulsion in milk (CLA1), 3) calves supplemented with 2 gr CLA/d as micellized form by dissolving 10 mL/d of a CLA-contained emulsion in milk (CLA2), and 4) calves supplemented with 3 gr CLA/d as micellized form by dissolving 15 mL/d of a CLA-contained emulsion in milk (CLA3). Calves in the CON group received 10 mL of the emulsion medium with no CLA. Feeding micellized CLA via whole milk resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose concentration on day 40 (P=0.04) and total protein (P<0.01), albumin (P<0.01), and triglyceride (P=0.02) concentrations on day 20 of the experiment. The inclusion of micellized CLA resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.05) in blood malondialdehyde concentration at both periods but had no effect on blood total antioxidant status. On day 20, tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in the blood of suckling calves exhibited a quadratic effect with micellized CLA inclusion; however, interleukin-6 concentration was not affected. The use of 3 g per day of micellized CLA, via daily milk has the potential to reduce inflammation in young calves during the pre-weaning period.
Ethical Statement
Protocols applied for this experiment were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (Ardabil, Iran) (Approval Number: IR.UMA.REC.1402.019) and an cooperation contract was signed between University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and Moghan Agro-Industrial and Animal Husbandry company for the participation of the animals.
Thanks
Authors are grateful to the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili for their help.
References
- AOAC (2000): Method 973.18. Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Asghari M, Abdi-Benemar H, Maheri-Sis N, et al (2021): Effects of emulsified essential oils blend on performance, blood metabolites, oxidative status and intestinal microflora of suckling calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 277, 114954.
- Ávila G, Catozzi C, Pravettoni D, et al (2020): In vitro effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on inflammatory functions of bovine monocytes. J Dairy Sci, 103, 8554-8563.
- Cantwell H, Devery R, OShea M, et al (1999): The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the antioxidant enzyme defense system in rat hepatocytes. Lipids, 34, 833-839.
- Cook ME (1996): Diet-induced immunosuppression. In: Davison TF, Morris TR, Payne LN, eds. Poultry immunology. Oxford: Carfax Publishing Company.
- Dänicke S, Kowalczyk J, Renner L, et al (2012): Effects of conjugated linoleic acids fed to dairy cows during early gestation on hematological, immunological, and metabolic characteristics of cows and their calves. J Dairy Sci, 95, 3938-3953.
- Den Hartigh LJ, Yeop Han C, Wang S, et al (2013): 10E, 12Z-conjugated linoleic acid impairs adipocyte triglyceride storage by enhancing fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Lipid Res, 54, 2964-2978.
- Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J, et al (2000): Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids, 35, 899–910.
- Fraj J, Petrović L, Đekić L, et al (2021): Encapsulation and release of vitamin C in double W/O/W emulsions followed by complex coacervation in gelatin-sodium caseinate system. J Food Eng, 292, 110353.
- Fujita Y, Kano K, Kishino S, et al (2021): Dietary cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid reduces amyloid β-protein accumulation and up regulates anti-inflammatory cytokines in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci Rep, 11, 9749.
- Haubold S, Kröger-Koch C, Tuchscherer A, et al (2020): Effects of a combined essential fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid abomasal infusion on metabolic and endocrine traits, including the somatotropic axis, in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 103, 12069-12082.
- Herculano ED, De Paula HCB, De Figueiredo EAT, et al (2015): Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of nano encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil. LWT - Food Sci Technol, 61, 484–491.
- Littell RC, Henry PR, Ammerman CB (1998): Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures. J Anim Sci, 76, 1216–1231.
- McClements DJ, Decker EA, Weiss J (2007): Emulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components. J Food Sci, 72, 109–123.
- McGee DW, Bamberg T, Vitkus SJ, et al (1995): A synergistic relationship between TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and TGF-beta 1 on IL-6 secretion by the IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line. Immunology, 86, 6-11.
- Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza MW, et al (1994): Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 198, 1107–1112.
- Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, et al (2004): Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 887-895.
- Moore K, Roberts LJ (1998): Measurement of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res, 2, 659-671.
- Nikbakht Nasrabadi M, Goli SA, Nasirpour A (2016): Stability assessment of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) oil-in-water beverage emulsion formulated with acacia and xanthan gums. Food Chem, 99, 258-264.
- Overton TR, Waldron MR (2004): Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health. J Dairy Sci, 87, E105–E119.
- Risérus U, Smedman A, Basu S, et al (2004): Metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in humans: the Swedish experience. Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 1146S-1148S.
- Roohinejad SH, Greiner R, Oey I, et al (2018): Emulsion Based Systems for Delivery of Food Active Compounds: Formation, Application, Health and Safety. UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 312p.
- Salas-Salvadó J, Márquez-Sandoval F, Bulló M (2006): Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: a systematic review focusing on its effect on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 46, 479-488.
- Schäfers S, von Soosten D, Meyer U, et al (2018): Influence of conjugated linoleic acids and vitamin E on biochemical, hematological, and immunological variables of dairy cows during the transition period. J Dairy Sci, 101, 1585-1600.
- Seifzadeh S, Seifdavati J, Abdi-Benemar H, et al (2022): Dietary vitamin C in pre-parturient dairy cows and their calves: blood metabolites, copper, zinc, iron, and vitamin C concentrations, and calves growth performance. Trop Anim Health Prod, 54, 54.
- Selberg KT, Lowe AC, Staples CR, et al (2004): Production and metabolic responses of periparturient Holstein cows to dietary conjugated linoleic acid and trans-octadecenoic acids. J Dairy Sci, 87, 158-168.
- Song HJ, Grant I, Rotondo D, et al (2005): Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 508–517.
- Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, et al (2000): Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes, 49, 1534-1542.
- Uken KL, Vogel L, Gnott M, et al (2021): Effect of maternal supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on metabolic and endocrine development in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci, 104, 7295-7314.
- Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991): Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci, 74, 3583-3597.
- Wang B, Wang L, Li D, et al (2011): Effect of gum Arabic on stability of oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by flaxseed and soybean protein. Carbohydr Polym, 86, 343-351.
- Whigham LD, Cook ME, Atkinson RL (2000): Conjugated linoleic acid: implications for human health. Pharmacol Res, 42, 503-510.
- Whigham LD, O'shea M, Mohede IC, et al (2004): Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans. Food Chem Toxicol, 42, 1701-1709.
- Wiking L, Stagsted J, Björck L, et al (2004): Milk fat globule size is affected by fat production in dairy cows. Int Dairy J, 14, 909-913.
- Yao X, Xu Q, Tian D, et al (2013): Physical and chemical stability of gum arabic-stabilized conjugated linoleic acid oil-in-water emulsions. J Agric Food Chem, 61, 4639-4645.
- Zelová H, Hošek J (2013): TNF-α signaling and inflammation: interactions between old acquaintances. Inflamm Res, 62, 641-651.
Year 2024,
Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 445 - 452, 23.09.2024
Abstract
References
- AOAC (2000): Method 973.18. Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Asghari M, Abdi-Benemar H, Maheri-Sis N, et al (2021): Effects of emulsified essential oils blend on performance, blood metabolites, oxidative status and intestinal microflora of suckling calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 277, 114954.
- Ávila G, Catozzi C, Pravettoni D, et al (2020): In vitro effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on inflammatory functions of bovine monocytes. J Dairy Sci, 103, 8554-8563.
- Cantwell H, Devery R, OShea M, et al (1999): The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the antioxidant enzyme defense system in rat hepatocytes. Lipids, 34, 833-839.
- Cook ME (1996): Diet-induced immunosuppression. In: Davison TF, Morris TR, Payne LN, eds. Poultry immunology. Oxford: Carfax Publishing Company.
- Dänicke S, Kowalczyk J, Renner L, et al (2012): Effects of conjugated linoleic acids fed to dairy cows during early gestation on hematological, immunological, and metabolic characteristics of cows and their calves. J Dairy Sci, 95, 3938-3953.
- Den Hartigh LJ, Yeop Han C, Wang S, et al (2013): 10E, 12Z-conjugated linoleic acid impairs adipocyte triglyceride storage by enhancing fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Lipid Res, 54, 2964-2978.
- Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J, et al (2000): Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids, 35, 899–910.
- Fraj J, Petrović L, Đekić L, et al (2021): Encapsulation and release of vitamin C in double W/O/W emulsions followed by complex coacervation in gelatin-sodium caseinate system. J Food Eng, 292, 110353.
- Fujita Y, Kano K, Kishino S, et al (2021): Dietary cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid reduces amyloid β-protein accumulation and up regulates anti-inflammatory cytokines in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci Rep, 11, 9749.
- Haubold S, Kröger-Koch C, Tuchscherer A, et al (2020): Effects of a combined essential fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid abomasal infusion on metabolic and endocrine traits, including the somatotropic axis, in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 103, 12069-12082.
- Herculano ED, De Paula HCB, De Figueiredo EAT, et al (2015): Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of nano encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil. LWT - Food Sci Technol, 61, 484–491.
- Littell RC, Henry PR, Ammerman CB (1998): Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures. J Anim Sci, 76, 1216–1231.
- McClements DJ, Decker EA, Weiss J (2007): Emulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components. J Food Sci, 72, 109–123.
- McGee DW, Bamberg T, Vitkus SJ, et al (1995): A synergistic relationship between TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and TGF-beta 1 on IL-6 secretion by the IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line. Immunology, 86, 6-11.
- Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza MW, et al (1994): Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 198, 1107–1112.
- Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, et al (2004): Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 887-895.
- Moore K, Roberts LJ (1998): Measurement of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res, 2, 659-671.
- Nikbakht Nasrabadi M, Goli SA, Nasirpour A (2016): Stability assessment of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) oil-in-water beverage emulsion formulated with acacia and xanthan gums. Food Chem, 99, 258-264.
- Overton TR, Waldron MR (2004): Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health. J Dairy Sci, 87, E105–E119.
- Risérus U, Smedman A, Basu S, et al (2004): Metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in humans: the Swedish experience. Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 1146S-1148S.
- Roohinejad SH, Greiner R, Oey I, et al (2018): Emulsion Based Systems for Delivery of Food Active Compounds: Formation, Application, Health and Safety. UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 312p.
- Salas-Salvadó J, Márquez-Sandoval F, Bulló M (2006): Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: a systematic review focusing on its effect on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 46, 479-488.
- Schäfers S, von Soosten D, Meyer U, et al (2018): Influence of conjugated linoleic acids and vitamin E on biochemical, hematological, and immunological variables of dairy cows during the transition period. J Dairy Sci, 101, 1585-1600.
- Seifzadeh S, Seifdavati J, Abdi-Benemar H, et al (2022): Dietary vitamin C in pre-parturient dairy cows and their calves: blood metabolites, copper, zinc, iron, and vitamin C concentrations, and calves growth performance. Trop Anim Health Prod, 54, 54.
- Selberg KT, Lowe AC, Staples CR, et al (2004): Production and metabolic responses of periparturient Holstein cows to dietary conjugated linoleic acid and trans-octadecenoic acids. J Dairy Sci, 87, 158-168.
- Song HJ, Grant I, Rotondo D, et al (2005): Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 508–517.
- Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, et al (2000): Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes, 49, 1534-1542.
- Uken KL, Vogel L, Gnott M, et al (2021): Effect of maternal supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on metabolic and endocrine development in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci, 104, 7295-7314.
- Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991): Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci, 74, 3583-3597.
- Wang B, Wang L, Li D, et al (2011): Effect of gum Arabic on stability of oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by flaxseed and soybean protein. Carbohydr Polym, 86, 343-351.
- Whigham LD, Cook ME, Atkinson RL (2000): Conjugated linoleic acid: implications for human health. Pharmacol Res, 42, 503-510.
- Whigham LD, O'shea M, Mohede IC, et al (2004): Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans. Food Chem Toxicol, 42, 1701-1709.
- Wiking L, Stagsted J, Björck L, et al (2004): Milk fat globule size is affected by fat production in dairy cows. Int Dairy J, 14, 909-913.
- Yao X, Xu Q, Tian D, et al (2013): Physical and chemical stability of gum arabic-stabilized conjugated linoleic acid oil-in-water emulsions. J Agric Food Chem, 61, 4639-4645.
- Zelová H, Hošek J (2013): TNF-α signaling and inflammation: interactions between old acquaintances. Inflamm Res, 62, 641-651.
There are 36 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Animal Science, Genetics and Biostatistics |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | March 19, 2024 |
| Publication Date | September 23, 2024 |
| Submission Date | November 2, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | January 30, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024Volume: 71 Issue: 4 |
