Editöre Mektup
Türkiye’de çeşitli hayvancılık işletmelerinde kullanılan karma yemlerin ve yem hammaddelerinin okratoksin A kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi
Öz
Bu çalışma, Türkiye genelinde kamu ve özel sektöre ait hayvancılık işletmeleri ve yem fabrikalarında kullanılan karma yem ve yem hammaddelerinde okratoksin A (OA) kirliliği tespiti amacıyla 2001–2004 yıllar arasında yürütülmüştür. Okratoksin A analizlerinde ELISA (enzyme linked immunoassay) kit (Neogen, ABD) kullanılmıştır. Değişik bölgelerden toplanan 115 yem hammaddesi ve 84 karma yem analiz edilmiştir. Örneklerin 111 tanesinde (%55.78) (1.10-975.00 µg/kg) OA pozitif bulunmuştur. Hammaddelerde %47.82 (1.10-874.10 µg/kg), kanatlı karma yemlerinde %27.27 (4.90-24.30 µg/kg), ruminant karma yemlerinde ise %80.65 (1.10-975.00 µg/kg) düzeyinde OA kirliliği tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye genelinde toplanan yemlerde Marmara bölgesinde kirliliğin daha yoğun olduğu görülmüştür
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bauer J (2001): Yem Maddelerinde Mikotoksinler: Kanatlılardaki Önemi. Yem Katkıları Seminer Notları. TOPKİM A.Ş. Kızılcahamam/Ankara.
- Breiholtz A, Olsen M, Hut K. (1991): Plasma Ochratoxin A levels in three Swedish population. Food Addit Contam, 8, 365 – 370.
- Breitholz-Emanuelsson A, Olsen M, Oskarsson A, Palminger I, Hult K (1993): Ochratoxin in cow´s milk and in human milk with corresponding human blood samples. J AOAC Int, 76, 842–846.
- Commission Regulation (EC) No 472/2002. (2002) Official Journal of the European Communities L 75, 18–20
- Dwivedi P, Burns RB (1986): The natural occurence of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. Part 1. Epidemiology and toxicity. World´s Poult Sci J, 42, 32–47.
- Engel G (2000): Ochratoxin A in sweets, oil seeds and dairy products. Arch Lebensmıttelhyg, 51, 98–101.
- Höhler D, Südekum K-H, Wolffram S, Frohlich AA, Marquardt RR (1999): Metabolism and excretion of ochratoxin A in sheep. J Anim Sci, 77, 1217–1223.
- Jİrgensen K, Rasmussen G, Thorup I (1996): Ochratoxin A in Danish cereals 1986 – 1992 and daily intake by the Danish population. Food Addit Contam, 13, 95–104.
- Kaya S, Şanlı Y, Yarsan E, Özsoy A, Akkaya R, Bilgili A (1996): Çok yönlü hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde karma yem ve yem hammaddedelerinden kaynaklanan olumsuzluk faktörlerinin araştırılması. Etlik Vet Mikrob Derg, 8, 59–80.
- Kiessling KH, Petterson H, Sandholm K, Olsen M (1984): Metabolism of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearaleone and three tricothecenes by intact ruminal fluid, rumen protozoa and rumren bacteria. Appl Environ Microb, 47, 1070–1073.
- Krogh P, Hald B, Pedersen EJ (1995): Occurance of ochratoxin A and citrinin in creals associated With mycotoxic porcine nephrophaty. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 81, 689 – 695.
- Kuiper-Goodman T, Scott PM (1989): Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed Environ Sci, 2, 179–248.
- Kumagai S, Aibara K (1982): Intestinal absorption and secretion of ochratoxin A in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 64, 94–102.
- Li S, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Vitti TG, Crow G (1997): Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A and its metabolites in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 145, 82–90.
- Madhyastha MS, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA (1992): Hydrolysis of ochratoxin A by the microbial activity of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Arch Environ Con Tox, 23, 468–472.
- Malaveille C, Bruhn G, Bartsch H (1991): Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A and structurally related compounds in E. coli strains studies on their mode of action. 261–266. In: M Castegnaro, R Plestina, G Dirheimer, IN Chernozemsky, H Bartsch (Ed), Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, IARC Scient Public, No 115.
- Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA (1992): A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. J Anim Sci, 70, 3968–3988.
- Müller G, Kielstein P, Rosner H, Berndt A, Heller M, Köhler H (1999): Studies of the influence of ochratoxin A on immune and defence reactions in weaners. Mycoses, 42, 495–505.
- Noser JR, Wenk P, Sutter A (1996): Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone und Ochratoxin A in Weizen aus dem Kanton Basel- Landschaft. Arch Lebensmıttelhyg, 87, 574–586.
- Özpınar H, Yıldız G, Kutay C, Abas I, Bilal T, Eseceli H, Drochner W (1999): Einfluss der verschiedenen Testsubstrate und Mikroorganismen im Pansensaft auf die Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeit von Ochratoxin A. Proceedings 21. Mycotoxin Workshop, Jena., p:119-128.
- Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Petkova-Bocharova T, Chernozemsky IN, Castegnaro M (2002): Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urinary tract tumours: a review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins. Food Addit Contam, 19, 282–302.
- Puntaric´ D, Bošnir J, Šmit Z, Škes I, Baklaic´ Z (2001): Ochratoxin A in corn and wheat: geographical association with endemic nephropathy.Croat Med J, 42, 175–180.
- Richter W, Schuster M (2002): Mykotoxine in Futtergetreideproben aus landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben Bayerns. 24. Mykotoxin-Workshop, Berlin, Proceedings, Mycotoxin Research, 18A, 6–10.
- Rolfs JP (2004): Einfluss der Dosierung von Ochratoxin A, der Rationszusammensetzung und des Fütterungsniveaus auf die Metabolisierung und Elimination von Ochratoxin A beim Schaf. Dissertation, Kiel.
- Scudamore KA, Patel S, Breeze V (1999): Surveillance of stored grain from the harvest in the United Kingdom for ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam, 16, 281–290.
- Scudamore KA, Patel S (2000): Survey of aflatoxins. Ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisins in maize imported into the United Kingdom. Food Addit Contam, 17, 407–416.
- Seglar R (2001): Mycotoxin effects on dairy cattle. Erişim: http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2001/dair y_mycotoxin.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 24.1.2004.
- Sonal S, Oruç HH (2000): Bursa ve çevresindeki tavuk çiftliklerinde kullanılan yemlerde mikotoksin düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. YYU Vet Fak Derg, 2, 1–6.
- Sreemannarayana O, Frohlich AA, Vitti TG, Marquardt RR, Abramson D. (1988): Studies of the tolerance and disposition of ochratoxin A in young calves. J Anim Sci, 66, 1703-1711.
- Thellmann A, Weber W (1997): Bestimmung von Ochratoxin A in Getreide, Malz und Bier nach Anreicherung und Separation an Immunoaffinitätssäulen und anschließender Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie mit Fluoreszenzdetektion. Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch, 93, 1–3.
- Trenk HL, Butz ME, Chu FS (1971): Production of ochratoxins in different cereal products by Aspergillus ochraceus. Appl Microbiol, 21, 1032–1035.
- Vrabcheva T, Petkova-Bocharova T, Grosso F, Nikolov I, Chernozemsky IN, Castegnaro M, Dragacci S (2004): Analysis of ochratoxin A in foods consumed by inhabitants from an area with balkan endemic nephropathy: a 1 month follow-up study. J Agric Food Chem, 52, 2404–2410.
- WHO Technical Report Series (1968): Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some flavouring substances and non-nutritive sweetening agents (Eleventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 44, 1968; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 383, 1968 (out of print).
- Wolff J, Gareis M (2003): Ochratoxin A in Lebensmitteln und Belastung des Verbrauchers. http://www.verbraucherministerium.de/forschungsreport/re p2-99/ochra.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 7.5.2003 Geliş tarihi: 11.02.2008 / Kabul tarihi: 23.05.2008
Determination of the contamination of the ochratoxine A in feeds and feedstuffs into the differentanimal enterprise in Turkey
Öz
This study was examined the ochratoxin A contamination in feeds and feedstuffs which are used in public and private farm and feed mill in Turkey between 2001-2004. For this purpose ELISA (enzyme linked immunoassay) kit (Neogen, USA) was used. 115 feedstuffs and 84 feeds which are collected from different regions of Turkey, were examined for ochratoxin A contamination and 111 of them (55.78%) (1.10-975.00 µg/kg) were given possitive results. The OA contamination was found as 47.82% (1.10-874.10 µg/kg) for feedstuffs samples, 27.27% (4.90-24.30 µg/kg) for poultry feed and 80.65% (1.10-975.00 µg/kg) for ruminant feeds. As a result, ochratoxin A contamination was more in feed from Marmara region within the feeds obtained from all region of Turkey
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bauer J (2001): Yem Maddelerinde Mikotoksinler: Kanatlılardaki Önemi. Yem Katkıları Seminer Notları. TOPKİM A.Ş. Kızılcahamam/Ankara.
- Breiholtz A, Olsen M, Hut K. (1991): Plasma Ochratoxin A levels in three Swedish population. Food Addit Contam, 8, 365 – 370.
- Breitholz-Emanuelsson A, Olsen M, Oskarsson A, Palminger I, Hult K (1993): Ochratoxin in cow´s milk and in human milk with corresponding human blood samples. J AOAC Int, 76, 842–846.
- Commission Regulation (EC) No 472/2002. (2002) Official Journal of the European Communities L 75, 18–20
- Dwivedi P, Burns RB (1986): The natural occurence of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. Part 1. Epidemiology and toxicity. World´s Poult Sci J, 42, 32–47.
- Engel G (2000): Ochratoxin A in sweets, oil seeds and dairy products. Arch Lebensmıttelhyg, 51, 98–101.
- Höhler D, Südekum K-H, Wolffram S, Frohlich AA, Marquardt RR (1999): Metabolism and excretion of ochratoxin A in sheep. J Anim Sci, 77, 1217–1223.
- Jİrgensen K, Rasmussen G, Thorup I (1996): Ochratoxin A in Danish cereals 1986 – 1992 and daily intake by the Danish population. Food Addit Contam, 13, 95–104.
- Kaya S, Şanlı Y, Yarsan E, Özsoy A, Akkaya R, Bilgili A (1996): Çok yönlü hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde karma yem ve yem hammaddedelerinden kaynaklanan olumsuzluk faktörlerinin araştırılması. Etlik Vet Mikrob Derg, 8, 59–80.
- Kiessling KH, Petterson H, Sandholm K, Olsen M (1984): Metabolism of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearaleone and three tricothecenes by intact ruminal fluid, rumen protozoa and rumren bacteria. Appl Environ Microb, 47, 1070–1073.
- Krogh P, Hald B, Pedersen EJ (1995): Occurance of ochratoxin A and citrinin in creals associated With mycotoxic porcine nephrophaty. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 81, 689 – 695.
- Kuiper-Goodman T, Scott PM (1989): Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed Environ Sci, 2, 179–248.
- Kumagai S, Aibara K (1982): Intestinal absorption and secretion of ochratoxin A in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 64, 94–102.
- Li S, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Vitti TG, Crow G (1997): Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A and its metabolites in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 145, 82–90.
- Madhyastha MS, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA (1992): Hydrolysis of ochratoxin A by the microbial activity of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Arch Environ Con Tox, 23, 468–472.
- Malaveille C, Bruhn G, Bartsch H (1991): Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A and structurally related compounds in E. coli strains studies on their mode of action. 261–266. In: M Castegnaro, R Plestina, G Dirheimer, IN Chernozemsky, H Bartsch (Ed), Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, IARC Scient Public, No 115.
- Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA (1992): A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. J Anim Sci, 70, 3968–3988.
- Müller G, Kielstein P, Rosner H, Berndt A, Heller M, Köhler H (1999): Studies of the influence of ochratoxin A on immune and defence reactions in weaners. Mycoses, 42, 495–505.
- Noser JR, Wenk P, Sutter A (1996): Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone und Ochratoxin A in Weizen aus dem Kanton Basel- Landschaft. Arch Lebensmıttelhyg, 87, 574–586.
- Özpınar H, Yıldız G, Kutay C, Abas I, Bilal T, Eseceli H, Drochner W (1999): Einfluss der verschiedenen Testsubstrate und Mikroorganismen im Pansensaft auf die Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeit von Ochratoxin A. Proceedings 21. Mycotoxin Workshop, Jena., p:119-128.
- Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Petkova-Bocharova T, Chernozemsky IN, Castegnaro M (2002): Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urinary tract tumours: a review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins. Food Addit Contam, 19, 282–302.
- Puntaric´ D, Bošnir J, Šmit Z, Škes I, Baklaic´ Z (2001): Ochratoxin A in corn and wheat: geographical association with endemic nephropathy.Croat Med J, 42, 175–180.
- Richter W, Schuster M (2002): Mykotoxine in Futtergetreideproben aus landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben Bayerns. 24. Mykotoxin-Workshop, Berlin, Proceedings, Mycotoxin Research, 18A, 6–10.
- Rolfs JP (2004): Einfluss der Dosierung von Ochratoxin A, der Rationszusammensetzung und des Fütterungsniveaus auf die Metabolisierung und Elimination von Ochratoxin A beim Schaf. Dissertation, Kiel.
- Scudamore KA, Patel S, Breeze V (1999): Surveillance of stored grain from the harvest in the United Kingdom for ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam, 16, 281–290.
- Scudamore KA, Patel S (2000): Survey of aflatoxins. Ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisins in maize imported into the United Kingdom. Food Addit Contam, 17, 407–416.
- Seglar R (2001): Mycotoxin effects on dairy cattle. Erişim: http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2001/dair y_mycotoxin.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 24.1.2004.
- Sonal S, Oruç HH (2000): Bursa ve çevresindeki tavuk çiftliklerinde kullanılan yemlerde mikotoksin düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. YYU Vet Fak Derg, 2, 1–6.
- Sreemannarayana O, Frohlich AA, Vitti TG, Marquardt RR, Abramson D. (1988): Studies of the tolerance and disposition of ochratoxin A in young calves. J Anim Sci, 66, 1703-1711.
- Thellmann A, Weber W (1997): Bestimmung von Ochratoxin A in Getreide, Malz und Bier nach Anreicherung und Separation an Immunoaffinitätssäulen und anschließender Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie mit Fluoreszenzdetektion. Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch, 93, 1–3.
- Trenk HL, Butz ME, Chu FS (1971): Production of ochratoxins in different cereal products by Aspergillus ochraceus. Appl Microbiol, 21, 1032–1035.
- Vrabcheva T, Petkova-Bocharova T, Grosso F, Nikolov I, Chernozemsky IN, Castegnaro M, Dragacci S (2004): Analysis of ochratoxin A in foods consumed by inhabitants from an area with balkan endemic nephropathy: a 1 month follow-up study. J Agric Food Chem, 52, 2404–2410.
- WHO Technical Report Series (1968): Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some flavouring substances and non-nutritive sweetening agents (Eleventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 44, 1968; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 383, 1968 (out of print).
- Wolff J, Gareis M (2003): Ochratoxin A in Lebensmitteln und Belastung des Verbrauchers. http://www.verbraucherministerium.de/forschungsreport/re p2-99/ochra.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 7.5.2003 Geliş tarihi: 11.02.2008 / Kabul tarihi: 23.05.2008
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Diğer ID | JA42RN42AH |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Haziran 2009 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2009Cilt: 56 Sayı: 2 |