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Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) Sinekleri ve Taşıdığı Bazı Önemli Paraziter Hastalıklar

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 97 - 104, 01.06.2016

Bekir Oğuz Nalan Özdal Serdar Değer

Öz

Stomoxys sinekleri, çiftlik hayvanlarının ve bazen de insanların deri ve kanlarında yaşayan pek çok patojen için mekanik vektörlük yapmaktadır. İmmun sistem baskılayıcı etkileri yanında, kan kaybı, stres, iştah kaybı, deri lezyonlarına yol açar ve hayvanları oldukça rahatsız ederler. Hayvanların bu sineklerden kendilerini korumak için bir araya toplanmaları da patojen etkenlerin mekanik bulaşmasına katkı sağlar. Stomoxys sinekleri Trypanasoma sp, Besnoitia sp, Habronema microstoma, Onchocerca sp. ve Dirofilaria sp. gibi parazitlere taşıyıcılık yapmaktadırlar. Kozmopolit bir yayılış gösteren Stomoxys calcitrans’ın hayvan ve insanlara patojen etkenleri bulaştırmada önemli bir vektörlük profiline sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu konunun önemi gereği gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara ışık tutması amacıyla bu insektin morfolojisi, biyolojisi, tıbbi önemleri, kontrol metodları ile ilgili son bilgiler ve literatürler incelenerek derleme yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Stomoxys (Diptera Muscidae) Sinekleri ve Taşıdığı Bazı Önemli Paraziter Hastalıklar

Kaynakça

  • Bailey DL, Whitfield TL, Smittle BJ. Flight dispersal of stable fly. JEconEntomol.1973; 66:410-411.
  • Baldacchino F, Muenworn V, Desquesnes M, Desoli F, Charoenviriyaphap T, Duvallet G. Transmission of pathogens bu Stomoxys Flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review. Parasite. 2013; 20:26.
  • Bartlett AC and Staten RT. The Sterile Insect Release Method and other Genetic Control Strategies. Radcliffe’s IPM Word Textbook, 1996.
  • Beier JC, Muller GC, Gu W, Arheart KL, Schlein Y.Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) methods decimate populations of Anopheles malaria vectors in arid environments regardless of the local availability of favoured sugar-source blossoms. Malaria Journal. 2012; 11:31.
  • Berberian DA. Successful transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis by the bites of Stomoxys calcitrans. Exp Biol Med. 1938; 38:254-256.
  • Betke P, Schultka H, Ribbeck R. A Stomoxys calcitrans outbreak on a dairy farm. Angew Parasitol.1986; 27:39-44.
  • Birkett MA, Agelopoulos MV, Jensen JB, Jespersen JA, PickettHJ, Prijs G, Thomas JJ, Trapman LJ, Wadhams andWoodcock CM. the role of volatile semiochemicals in mediating host location and selection by nuisance and disease-transmitting cattle flies. Med Vet Entomol.2004; 18:313-322.
  • Black WC, Krafsur ES. Use of sticky traps to investigate seasonal trends in the spatial distribution of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol. 1985; 22:550-557.
  • Bouet G, Roubaud E. Experiences de transmission des trypanosomiases animales d’Afrique occidentale franc¸ aise par les stomoxes. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.1912; 5:544-550.
  • Brun R, Hecker H, Lun ZR.Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum: distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship (a review). Vet Parasitol.1998;79:95-107.
  • Butler JF, Kloft WJ, Dubose LA, Kloff E. Recontamination of food after feeding a 32P food source to biting Muscidae. J Med Entomol.1977; 27:874–877.
  • Campbell JB. The economics of the fly problem. In: Thomas GD, Skoda SR, (Ed) Rural Flies in the Urban Environment. Lincoln, Nebraska: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Nebraska, 1993;pp. 34–39.
  • Campbell JB.A Guide for the Control of Flies in Nebraska Feedlots and Dairies. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006, 355.
  • Campbell JB, Skoda SR, Berkebile DR, Boxler DJ, Thomas GD, Adams DC, Davis R. Effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on weight gains of grazing yearling cattle. J Econ Entomol.2001; 94:780-783.
  • Carn VM. The role of dipterous insects in the mechanical transmission of animal viruses. Br Vet J.1996; 152:377-393.
  • Cuglovici DA, Bartholomeu DC, Reis-Cunha JL, Carvalho AU, Ribeiro MF. Epidemiologic aspects of an outbreak of Trypanosoma vivax in a dairy cattle herd in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol.2010; 169:320-326.
  • Dantas-Torres F. Canine vector-borne diseases in Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 2008; 1:25.
  • Desquesnes M, Dia ML. Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle by the African tabanid Atylotus fuscipes. Vet Parasitol.2004; 119:9-19.
  • Desquesnes M, Bossard G, Patrel D, Herder S, Patout O, Lepetitcolin E, Thevenon S, Berthier D, Pavlovic D, Brugidou R, Jacquiet P, Schelcher F, Faye B, Touratier L, Cuny G. First outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in metropolitan France. Veterinary Rec. 2008; 162:750-752.
  • Dsouli-Aymes N, Michaux J, De Stordeur E, Couloux A, Veuille M and Duvallet G. Global population structure of the stable fly (Stomoxy calcitrans) inferred by mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2011;11:334-342.
  • Elkan PW, Parnell R, Smith JLD. A die-off of large ungulates following a Stomoxys biting fly out-break in lowland forest, northern Republic of Congo. Afr J Ecol.2009; 47:528-536.
  • Gibson G, Torr SJ. Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli. Med Vet Entomol.1999; 13:2-23.
  • Gilles J, Litrico I, Tillard E and Duvallet G. Genetic Structure and Gene Flow Along an Altitudinal Gradient Among Two Stomoxyine Species (Diptera: Muscidae) on La Reunion Island. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2007; 44:433-439.
  • Güven E, Kar S. Tabanid ve Muscid Enfestasyonları, In: Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları 1.,Özcel MA (Ed), Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları no: 24, İzmir. 2013; pp.486-489.
  • Hale KM. Proximate Causation of Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans [L.]) Host Use: The Influence of Phenology and Host Blood Suitability.PhD thesis, Montana State University, Montana,2011.
  • Hall RD. Biotic Agents Affecting Stable Fly Populations. In: Thomas, G.D. and Skoda, S.R. (eds). The Stable Fly: A Pest of Humans and Domestic Animals. Proc Entomol Soc Am, Baltimore, MD. 1992; pp. 53-71.
  • Heath AC. Distribution, seasonality and relative abundance of Stomoxys calcitrans (stablefly) (Diptera: Muscidae) in New Zealand. New Zeal Vet J. 2002; 50:93-98.
  • Hogsette JA, Ruff JP, Jones CJ. Stable fly biology and control in northwest Florida. J Agr Entomol. 1987; 4:1-11.
  • Hunter FF, Sutcliffe JF and Stratton C. Subcostal Incomplete: A New Genetic Mutant of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). The Journal of Heredity. 1992; 83:453-455.
  • Jacquiet P, Lienard E, Franc M. Bovine besnoitiosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Vet Parasitol. 2010;174:30-36.
  • Karaer Z, Nalbantoğlu S. Trypanosomatidae, In: Veteriner Protozooloji 1. Baskı, Dumanlı N, Karaer Z (Ed), Medisan Yayınevi Ltd. Şti, Ankara. 2010; pp.23-42.
  • Kneeland KM. Genetic variability of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) assessed on a global scale using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology. 2011; pp. 11.
  • King WV and Lenert LG. Outbreaks of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (“dog flies”) along Florida‟s Northwest coast. Fla Entomol.1936; 19(3):33-39.
  • Koehler PG and Kaufman PE. Stable fly (dog fly) control. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension Service Document ENY-267. 2006; pp. 1-4.
  • Köroğlu E. Habronemosis ve Draschiosis, In: Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları 1. Özcel MA (Ed), Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları no: 24, İzmir. 2013; pp. 393-398.
  • Krinsky WL. Animal disease agents transmitted by horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). J Med Entomol. 1976; 13:225-275.
  • Kunz SE, Bery IL and Foerster KW. The developmenr of the immature forms of Stomoxys calcitrans. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1977; 70:169-172.
  • Lee RM KW and Davies DM. Feeding in the stable fly, Stomoxyscalcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) I. Destination of blood, sucrose solutionand water in the alimentary canal, the effects of age on feeding, and blooddigestion. J Med Entomol.1979; 15:541-554.
  • Lienard E, Salem A, Grisez C, Prevot F, Bergeaud JP, Franc M, Gottstein B, Alzieu JP, Lagalisse Y, Jacquiet P. Alongitudinal study of Besnoitia besnoiti infections and seasonal abundance of Stomoxys calcitrans in a dairy cattle farm of southwest France. Vet Parasitol. 2010;177:20-27.
  • Lienard E, Salem A, Jacquiet P, Grisez C, Prevot F, Blanchard B, Bouhsira E, Franc M. Development of a protocol testing the ability of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) to transmit Besnoitia besnoiti (Henry, 1913) (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae). Parasitol Res.2013; 112:479-486.
  • Marquez JG, Cummings MA and Krafsur FS. Phylogeography of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Estimated by Diversity at Ribosomal 16S and Cytochrome Oxidase I Mitochondrial Genes. J Med Entomol. 2007; 44:998-1008.
  • Mihok S, Carlson DA. Performance of painted plywood and cloth Nzi traps relative to Manitoba and Greenhead traps for tabanids and stable flies. J Econ Entomol.2007; 100:613-618.
  • Moobola SMand Cupp EW. Ovarian development in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in relation to diet and juvenile hormone control. Physiol Entomol. 1978;3:317-321.
  • Mullens BA, Lii KS, Meyer JA, Peterson NG, Szijj CE. Behavioural responses of dairy cattle to the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in an open field environment. Med Vet Entomol. 2006; 20:122-137.
  • Muller GC, Hogsette JA, Beier JC, Traore SF, Toure MB, Traore MM, Bah S, Doumbia S, Schlein Y. Attraction of Stomoxys sp. to various fruits and flowers in Mali. Med Vet Entomol. 2012; 26:178-187.
  • Newson HD. Arthropod problems in recreation areas. Annu Rev Entomol. 1977; 22:333-353.
  • Ose GA, Hogsette JA. Spatial distribution, seasonality and trap preference of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), adults on a 12-hectare zoological park. Zoo Biol. 2014;33(3):228-33.
  • Salem A, Bouhsira E, Lienard E, Melou AB, Jacquiet P, Franc M. Susceptibility of two European strains of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) to Cypermethrin, Deltametrin, Fenvalerate, λ-cyhalotrin, permethrin and Phoxim. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med. 2012a; 10:3.
  • Salem A, Franc M, Jacquiet P, Bouhsira E, Lienard E. Feeding and breeding aspects of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) under laboratory conditions. Parasite. 2012b;19:309-317.
  • Sevgili M. Toxoplasmatidae (Besnoitia, Hammondia), In: Veteriner Protozooloji 1. Baskı, Dumanlı N, Karaer Z (Ed), Medisan Yayınevi Ltd. Şti, Ankara. 2010; pp.23-42.
  • Sevinç F. Sığırlarda Besnoitiosis, In: Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları 1., Özcel MA (Ed), Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları no: 24, İzmir. 2013; pp.71-74.
  • Simmons SW. Observations on the biology of the stable fly in Florida. J Eco Entomol. 1944; 37(5):680.
  • Skidmore P.The Biology of the Muscidae of the World (Series entomologica, volume 29). Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1985; 550.
  • Schowalter TD, Klowden MJ. Blood meal size of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, measured by the HiCN method. Mosquito New.1979; 39:110-112.
  • Skovgard H, Steenberg T. Activity of pupal parasitoids of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi in the stable fly and the house fly Musca domestica in Denmark. Bio Control. 2002; 47:45-60.
  • Sumba AL, Mihok S, Oyieke FA. Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi and T. congolense by Stomoxys niger and S. taeniatus in a laboratory mouse model. Med Vet Entomol. 1998; 12:417-422.
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  • Szalanski AL, Taylor DB and Peterson RD. Population Genetics and Gene Variation of Stable Fly Population (Diptera: Muscidae) in Nebraska. Journal of Medical Entomology. 1996; 33:413-420.
  • Traversa D, Otranto D, Iorio R, Carluccio A, Contri A, Paoletti B, Bartolini R, Giangaspero A. Identification of the intermediate hosts of Habronema microstoma and Habronema muscae under field conditions. Med Vet Entomol.2008; 22:283-287.
  • Umur Ş, Köroğlu E, Güçlü F, Tınar, R.Nematoda, In:Helmintoloji 1.Baskı, Tınar R (Ed), Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara. 2006; pp. 406.
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  • Yarmut Y, Brommer H, Weisler S, Shelah M, Komarovsky O, Steinman A.Ophthalmic and cutaneous habronemiasis in a horse: case report and review of the litterature. Isr J Vet Med. 2008; 63:87-90.
  • Yeruham I, Braverman Y. Skin lesions in dogs, horses and calves caused by the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop.1995; 48:347-349.
  • Zumpt F. The Stomoxyine biting flies of the world.Taxonomy, biology, economic importance and control measures. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. 1973; pp. 175.

Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable flies

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 97 - 104, 01.06.2016

Bekir Oğuz Nalan Özdal Serdar Değer

Öz

Stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of various pathogens existing in the blood and skin of livestock, but sometimes humans. In addition to their immune suppressive effects, they have quite a few disturbance effects on skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress and blood loss. To protection from flies, the gathering of animals also contribute development of mechanical transmission of pathogens. Dirofilaria sp, Onchocerca sp, Habronema microstoma, Besnoitia sp and Trypanasoma sp are transmitted by Stomoxys. Stomoxys calcitransindicate a cosmopolitan distribution is known as a profile of an significant vectoring transmitting pathogens to the animals and humans. Due to importance of this subject, a review has been made concerning the morphology, biology, medical importance, control methods of the Stomoxys flies so that future investigations may benefit.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diptera Mechanical Vector Stomoxys Flies

Kaynakça

  • Bailey DL, Whitfield TL, Smittle BJ. Flight dispersal of stable fly. JEconEntomol.1973; 66:410-411.
  • Baldacchino F, Muenworn V, Desquesnes M, Desoli F, Charoenviriyaphap T, Duvallet G. Transmission of pathogens bu Stomoxys Flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review. Parasite. 2013; 20:26.
  • Bartlett AC and Staten RT. The Sterile Insect Release Method and other Genetic Control Strategies. Radcliffe’s IPM Word Textbook, 1996.
  • Beier JC, Muller GC, Gu W, Arheart KL, Schlein Y.Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) methods decimate populations of Anopheles malaria vectors in arid environments regardless of the local availability of favoured sugar-source blossoms. Malaria Journal. 2012; 11:31.
  • Berberian DA. Successful transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis by the bites of Stomoxys calcitrans. Exp Biol Med. 1938; 38:254-256.
  • Betke P, Schultka H, Ribbeck R. A Stomoxys calcitrans outbreak on a dairy farm. Angew Parasitol.1986; 27:39-44.
  • Birkett MA, Agelopoulos MV, Jensen JB, Jespersen JA, PickettHJ, Prijs G, Thomas JJ, Trapman LJ, Wadhams andWoodcock CM. the role of volatile semiochemicals in mediating host location and selection by nuisance and disease-transmitting cattle flies. Med Vet Entomol.2004; 18:313-322.
  • Black WC, Krafsur ES. Use of sticky traps to investigate seasonal trends in the spatial distribution of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol. 1985; 22:550-557.
  • Bouet G, Roubaud E. Experiences de transmission des trypanosomiases animales d’Afrique occidentale franc¸ aise par les stomoxes. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.1912; 5:544-550.
  • Brun R, Hecker H, Lun ZR.Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum: distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship (a review). Vet Parasitol.1998;79:95-107.
  • Butler JF, Kloft WJ, Dubose LA, Kloff E. Recontamination of food after feeding a 32P food source to biting Muscidae. J Med Entomol.1977; 27:874–877.
  • Campbell JB. The economics of the fly problem. In: Thomas GD, Skoda SR, (Ed) Rural Flies in the Urban Environment. Lincoln, Nebraska: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Nebraska, 1993;pp. 34–39.
  • Campbell JB.A Guide for the Control of Flies in Nebraska Feedlots and Dairies. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006, 355.
  • Campbell JB, Skoda SR, Berkebile DR, Boxler DJ, Thomas GD, Adams DC, Davis R. Effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on weight gains of grazing yearling cattle. J Econ Entomol.2001; 94:780-783.
  • Carn VM. The role of dipterous insects in the mechanical transmission of animal viruses. Br Vet J.1996; 152:377-393.
  • Cuglovici DA, Bartholomeu DC, Reis-Cunha JL, Carvalho AU, Ribeiro MF. Epidemiologic aspects of an outbreak of Trypanosoma vivax in a dairy cattle herd in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol.2010; 169:320-326.
  • Dantas-Torres F. Canine vector-borne diseases in Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 2008; 1:25.
  • Desquesnes M, Dia ML. Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle by the African tabanid Atylotus fuscipes. Vet Parasitol.2004; 119:9-19.
  • Desquesnes M, Bossard G, Patrel D, Herder S, Patout O, Lepetitcolin E, Thevenon S, Berthier D, Pavlovic D, Brugidou R, Jacquiet P, Schelcher F, Faye B, Touratier L, Cuny G. First outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in metropolitan France. Veterinary Rec. 2008; 162:750-752.
  • Dsouli-Aymes N, Michaux J, De Stordeur E, Couloux A, Veuille M and Duvallet G. Global population structure of the stable fly (Stomoxy calcitrans) inferred by mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2011;11:334-342.
  • Elkan PW, Parnell R, Smith JLD. A die-off of large ungulates following a Stomoxys biting fly out-break in lowland forest, northern Republic of Congo. Afr J Ecol.2009; 47:528-536.
  • Gibson G, Torr SJ. Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli. Med Vet Entomol.1999; 13:2-23.
  • Gilles J, Litrico I, Tillard E and Duvallet G. Genetic Structure and Gene Flow Along an Altitudinal Gradient Among Two Stomoxyine Species (Diptera: Muscidae) on La Reunion Island. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2007; 44:433-439.
  • Güven E, Kar S. Tabanid ve Muscid Enfestasyonları, In: Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları 1.,Özcel MA (Ed), Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları no: 24, İzmir. 2013; pp.486-489.
  • Hale KM. Proximate Causation of Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans [L.]) Host Use: The Influence of Phenology and Host Blood Suitability.PhD thesis, Montana State University, Montana,2011.
  • Hall RD. Biotic Agents Affecting Stable Fly Populations. In: Thomas, G.D. and Skoda, S.R. (eds). The Stable Fly: A Pest of Humans and Domestic Animals. Proc Entomol Soc Am, Baltimore, MD. 1992; pp. 53-71.
  • Heath AC. Distribution, seasonality and relative abundance of Stomoxys calcitrans (stablefly) (Diptera: Muscidae) in New Zealand. New Zeal Vet J. 2002; 50:93-98.
  • Hogsette JA, Ruff JP, Jones CJ. Stable fly biology and control in northwest Florida. J Agr Entomol. 1987; 4:1-11.
  • Hunter FF, Sutcliffe JF and Stratton C. Subcostal Incomplete: A New Genetic Mutant of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). The Journal of Heredity. 1992; 83:453-455.
  • Jacquiet P, Lienard E, Franc M. Bovine besnoitiosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Vet Parasitol. 2010;174:30-36.
  • Karaer Z, Nalbantoğlu S. Trypanosomatidae, In: Veteriner Protozooloji 1. Baskı, Dumanlı N, Karaer Z (Ed), Medisan Yayınevi Ltd. Şti, Ankara. 2010; pp.23-42.
  • Kneeland KM. Genetic variability of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) assessed on a global scale using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology. 2011; pp. 11.
  • King WV and Lenert LG. Outbreaks of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (“dog flies”) along Florida‟s Northwest coast. Fla Entomol.1936; 19(3):33-39.
  • Koehler PG and Kaufman PE. Stable fly (dog fly) control. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension Service Document ENY-267. 2006; pp. 1-4.
  • Köroğlu E. Habronemosis ve Draschiosis, In: Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları 1. Özcel MA (Ed), Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları no: 24, İzmir. 2013; pp. 393-398.
  • Krinsky WL. Animal disease agents transmitted by horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). J Med Entomol. 1976; 13:225-275.
  • Kunz SE, Bery IL and Foerster KW. The developmenr of the immature forms of Stomoxys calcitrans. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1977; 70:169-172.
  • Lee RM KW and Davies DM. Feeding in the stable fly, Stomoxyscalcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) I. Destination of blood, sucrose solutionand water in the alimentary canal, the effects of age on feeding, and blooddigestion. J Med Entomol.1979; 15:541-554.
  • Lienard E, Salem A, Grisez C, Prevot F, Bergeaud JP, Franc M, Gottstein B, Alzieu JP, Lagalisse Y, Jacquiet P. Alongitudinal study of Besnoitia besnoiti infections and seasonal abundance of Stomoxys calcitrans in a dairy cattle farm of southwest France. Vet Parasitol. 2010;177:20-27.
  • Lienard E, Salem A, Jacquiet P, Grisez C, Prevot F, Blanchard B, Bouhsira E, Franc M. Development of a protocol testing the ability of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) to transmit Besnoitia besnoiti (Henry, 1913) (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae). Parasitol Res.2013; 112:479-486.
  • Marquez JG, Cummings MA and Krafsur FS. Phylogeography of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Estimated by Diversity at Ribosomal 16S and Cytochrome Oxidase I Mitochondrial Genes. J Med Entomol. 2007; 44:998-1008.
  • Mihok S, Carlson DA. Performance of painted plywood and cloth Nzi traps relative to Manitoba and Greenhead traps for tabanids and stable flies. J Econ Entomol.2007; 100:613-618.
  • Moobola SMand Cupp EW. Ovarian development in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in relation to diet and juvenile hormone control. Physiol Entomol. 1978;3:317-321.
  • Mullens BA, Lii KS, Meyer JA, Peterson NG, Szijj CE. Behavioural responses of dairy cattle to the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in an open field environment. Med Vet Entomol. 2006; 20:122-137.
  • Muller GC, Hogsette JA, Beier JC, Traore SF, Toure MB, Traore MM, Bah S, Doumbia S, Schlein Y. Attraction of Stomoxys sp. to various fruits and flowers in Mali. Med Vet Entomol. 2012; 26:178-187.
  • Newson HD. Arthropod problems in recreation areas. Annu Rev Entomol. 1977; 22:333-353.
  • Ose GA, Hogsette JA. Spatial distribution, seasonality and trap preference of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), adults on a 12-hectare zoological park. Zoo Biol. 2014;33(3):228-33.
  • Salem A, Bouhsira E, Lienard E, Melou AB, Jacquiet P, Franc M. Susceptibility of two European strains of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) to Cypermethrin, Deltametrin, Fenvalerate, λ-cyhalotrin, permethrin and Phoxim. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med. 2012a; 10:3.
  • Salem A, Franc M, Jacquiet P, Bouhsira E, Lienard E. Feeding and breeding aspects of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) under laboratory conditions. Parasite. 2012b;19:309-317.
  • Sevgili M. Toxoplasmatidae (Besnoitia, Hammondia), In: Veteriner Protozooloji 1. Baskı, Dumanlı N, Karaer Z (Ed), Medisan Yayınevi Ltd. Şti, Ankara. 2010; pp.23-42.
  • Sevinç F. Sığırlarda Besnoitiosis, In: Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları 1., Özcel MA (Ed), Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları no: 24, İzmir. 2013; pp.71-74.
  • Simmons SW. Observations on the biology of the stable fly in Florida. J Eco Entomol. 1944; 37(5):680.
  • Skidmore P.The Biology of the Muscidae of the World (Series entomologica, volume 29). Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1985; 550.
  • Schowalter TD, Klowden MJ. Blood meal size of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, measured by the HiCN method. Mosquito New.1979; 39:110-112.
  • Skovgard H, Steenberg T. Activity of pupal parasitoids of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi in the stable fly and the house fly Musca domestica in Denmark. Bio Control. 2002; 47:45-60.
  • Sumba AL, Mihok S, Oyieke FA. Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi and T. congolense by Stomoxys niger and S. taeniatus in a laboratory mouse model. Med Vet Entomol. 1998; 12:417-422.
  • Suszkiw J and J Core. ARS. Project aims to clean house on filth flies. Agricultural research (Washington, D.C.) Agricultural research. 2003; 51(11):20-22.
  • Szalanski AL, Taylor DB and Peterson RD. Population Genetics and Gene Variation of Stable Fly Population (Diptera: Muscidae) in Nebraska. Journal of Medical Entomology. 1996; 33:413-420.
  • Traversa D, Otranto D, Iorio R, Carluccio A, Contri A, Paoletti B, Bartolini R, Giangaspero A. Identification of the intermediate hosts of Habronema microstoma and Habronema muscae under field conditions. Med Vet Entomol.2008; 22:283-287.
  • Umur Ş, Köroğlu E, Güçlü F, Tınar, R.Nematoda, In:Helmintoloji 1.Baskı, Tınar R (Ed), Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara. 2006; pp. 406.
  • Wall R and Shearer D.Veterinary Entomology. Chapman & Hall, London. 1997; pp. 163.
  • Yarmut Y, Brommer H, Weisler S, Shelah M, Komarovsky O, Steinman A.Ophthalmic and cutaneous habronemiasis in a horse: case report and review of the litterature. Isr J Vet Med. 2008; 63:87-90.
  • Yeruham I, Braverman Y. Skin lesions in dogs, horses and calves caused by the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop.1995; 48:347-349.
  • Zumpt F. The Stomoxyine biting flies of the world.Taxonomy, biology, economic importance and control measures. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. 1973; pp. 175.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm DERLEME
Yazarlar

Bekir Oğuz

Nalan Özdal Bu kişi benim

Serdar Değer Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2016
Kabul Tarihi 4 Şubat 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Oğuz, B., Özdal, N., & Değer, S. (2016). Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable flies. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 9(2), 97-104.
AMA Oğuz B, Özdal N, Değer S. Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable flies. kvj. Haziran 2016;9(2):97-104.
Chicago Oğuz, Bekir, Nalan Özdal, ve Serdar Değer. “Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable Flies”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9, sy. 2 (Haziran 2016): 97-104.
EndNote Oğuz B, Özdal N, Değer S (01 Haziran 2016) Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable flies. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9 2 97–104.
IEEE B. Oğuz, N. Özdal, ve S. Değer, “Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable flies”, kvj, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 97–104, 2016.
ISNAD Oğuz, Bekir vd. “Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable Flies”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9/2 (Haziran 2016), 97-104.
JAMA Oğuz B, Özdal N, Değer S. Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable flies. kvj. 2016;9:97–104.
MLA Oğuz, Bekir vd. “Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable Flies”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 9, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 97-104.
Vancouver Oğuz B, Özdal N, Değer S. Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) and Transmission of Some Important Parasitic Diseases by Stable flies. kvj. 2016;9(2):97-104.
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