Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 57 - 74, 20.11.2023

Burçin Yenice Ezgi Korkmaz

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Andre, E.M. (2006). Fire Escapes In Urban America: History and Preservation. Unpublished MSci Thesis, The University of Vermont. Retrieved from https://www.uvm.edu/histpres/HPJ/AndreThesis.pdf.
  • Bogatan, O.A. (2014). Architectural Research Tenement Buildings. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/400961167/Architectural-Research-Tenement-building-docx.
  • Bonner, H. & Veiller, L. (1900). Special report on tenement house fires in New York. Prepared for theTenement House Commission of 1900. New York, Evening Post Job Print. House.
  • DeForest, R.W. & Veiller, L. (1903a). The Tenement House Problem (VOL.I). New York: The Macmillan Company. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/tenementhousepro01deforich/page/14/mode/2up?q=1879&view=theater.
  • DeForest, R.W. & Veiller, L. (1903b). The Tenement House Problem (VOL.II). New York: The Macmillan Company. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/tenementhousepro02pubbrich/page/78/mode/2up?q=1879.
  • Gould., E.R.L. (1895). The Housing of the Working People. Washington: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/ldpd_11290383_000/page/n153/mode/2up.
  • Marques, S. (2019). The Early Tenements Of New York-Dark, Dank, And Dangerous. NYC Department of Records & Information Services. Retrieved from https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/5/16/the-early-tenements-of-new-yorkdark-dank-and-dangerous.
  • Palaiologou, F. (2014). The Manhattan Row House as an Exemplar of Urban Adaptability: 1874-2011. New Urban Configurations EAAE/ISUF International Conference. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322951195_The_Manhattan_row_house_as_an_exemplar_of_urban_adaptability_1874-2011.
  • Riis, J.A. (1890). How The Other Half Lıves Studies Among The Tenements Of New York. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/45502/pg45502-images.html.
  • Spivack, D. (2016). Amendıng The Buıldıng Code Of The Cıty Of New York: Explorıng Forces That Influenced Change. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 2016. Retrieved from http://archives.njit.edu/vol01/etd/2010s/2016/njit-etd2016-040/njit-etd2016-040.pdf.
  • URL-1. Angel, S. & Patrick, L. (2004). The Rise and Fall of Manhattan’s Densities, 1790 – 2010, Faculty Digital Archive. New York Universty Website. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/33846?mode=full.
  • URL-2. Innovative Conservation at 97 Orchard. Tenement Museum Website. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.tenement.org/explore/97-orchard-street/.
  • URL-3. New York (Manhattan) Sectors Population & Density 1800-1910. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from http://demographia.com/db-nyc-sector1800.htm.
  • URL-4. What life was like in a rundown city tenement. (2011). Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/old-law-tenements/.
  • URL-5. Gray, C. (2008, October 10). Architectural Wealth, Built for the Poor. The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html.
  • URL-6. Watson, S. & Carling, S. (2008). Alfred T White and his impact today. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://chpcny.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ATWhite2.pdf.
  • URL-7. Scharff, J. (2019). New York’s Gentrifying New Law Tenement. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.jonahcoescharff.com/projects/new-law-tenement.
  • URL-8. New York State Multiple Dwelling Law, Chapter 713, Laws of 1929. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from http://tenant.net/Other_Laws/MDL/mdl07.html.
  • URL-9. Calamitous Fire. (1860, February 3). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/1860/02/03/archives/calamitous-fire-tenement-house-on-elmstreet-destroyed-thirty.html?searchResultPosition=1.
  • URL-10. Destructive Fires. (1860, March 29). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/1860/03/29/archives/destructive-fires-four-tenement-houses-destroyed-two-mothers-and.html?searchResultPosition=9.
  • URL-11. Frightful Calamity. (1867, December 17). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/1867/12/17/archives/frightful-calamity-fire-in-a-tenementhouseseven-persons-smothered-a.html?searchResultPosition=31.
  • URL-12. A Wooden Building in West Houston-Street Inviting the Danger. (1873, June 7). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/06/07/82025330.html?pageNumber=8.
  • URL-13. Fatally Burned In Bed. (1874, May 4). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1874/05/04/79219728.html?pageNumber=2.
  • URL-14. Narrow Escape From Fire. (1881, November 26). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/11/26/98574396.html?pageNumber=3.
  • URL-15. Narrow Escape Of Tenants. (1884, August 29). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/08/29/109777621.html?pageNumber=8.
  • URL-16. Fire in a Tenement House. (1885, May 24). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/24/103017866.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0.
  • URL-17. Terrible fire in a tenement-house, Forty-fifth Street, New York, March 28, 1860. (1860). The New York Public Library Digital Collections. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-ce4a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.
  • URL-18. Teague, J. (2018). Tenement House Wholesale Massacre. NYU Glucksman Ireland House. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://ethnic-village.org/tenement-house-wholesale-massacre/.
  • URL-19. Tenement House Committee Chapter 479 of The Laws of 1894. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://archive.org/details/reporttenementh00commgoog/page/14/mode/2up?q=decker.
  • Veiller, L. (1900a). The Tenement House Reform in New York 1834-1900. (VOL.I). New York: The Evening Post Job Printing House. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/tenementhouseref00veilrich/page/16/mode/2up.
  • Veiller, L. (1900b). Tenement House Legislation in New York, 1852-1900. New York: Albany, N.Y.: Brandow.

ARCHITECTURAL IMPACT of 19th-CENTURY FIRE REGULATIONS: A Case Study of New York Tenement Houses

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 57 - 74, 20.11.2023

Burçin Yenice Ezgi Korkmaz

Öz

The primary concern for fire safety is the correct design of fire escape routes that enable users to safely exit in case of a fire. Besides cultural, social, and economic influences, the impact of historical fires and regulations established over time should also be considered in architectural design. The term “tenement house” refers to rental worker housing that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, particularly in England and other industrial cities. These structures initially spread without proper planning, resulting in overcrowded living conditions for large families in inadequate spaces. Moreover, the 19th-century fires caused substantial damage and loss, necessitating a design re-evaluation. Fire data related to worker housing underscores the risks of living in crowded spaces without fire escape routes and inadequate fire-resistant materials, which can lead to severe damage and fatalities in potential fires. The scope of the study involves examining the fires that occurred in 19th-century New York rental worker housing and exploring how changes in municipal construction laws due to these fires have influenced architectural design. The study examines reports from municipal inspection commissions, construction laws and regulations, books by social journalists and documentarians of the era (such as Jacob Riis), and historical newspapers like The New York Times to reveal changes in architectural design. It aims to highlight the impact of mandatory laws and standards during the building design phase. This article provides a foundation for future research, assessing how regulations and laws have influenced architectural design over approximately 100 years.

Anahtar Kelimeler

New York Tenement Houses fire-safe design 19th-century fire regulations tenement housing acts.

Kaynakça

  • Andre, E.M. (2006). Fire Escapes In Urban America: History and Preservation. Unpublished MSci Thesis, The University of Vermont. Retrieved from https://www.uvm.edu/histpres/HPJ/AndreThesis.pdf.
  • Bogatan, O.A. (2014). Architectural Research Tenement Buildings. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/400961167/Architectural-Research-Tenement-building-docx.
  • Bonner, H. & Veiller, L. (1900). Special report on tenement house fires in New York. Prepared for theTenement House Commission of 1900. New York, Evening Post Job Print. House.
  • DeForest, R.W. & Veiller, L. (1903a). The Tenement House Problem (VOL.I). New York: The Macmillan Company. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/tenementhousepro01deforich/page/14/mode/2up?q=1879&view=theater.
  • DeForest, R.W. & Veiller, L. (1903b). The Tenement House Problem (VOL.II). New York: The Macmillan Company. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/tenementhousepro02pubbrich/page/78/mode/2up?q=1879.
  • Gould., E.R.L. (1895). The Housing of the Working People. Washington: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/ldpd_11290383_000/page/n153/mode/2up.
  • Marques, S. (2019). The Early Tenements Of New York-Dark, Dank, And Dangerous. NYC Department of Records & Information Services. Retrieved from https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/5/16/the-early-tenements-of-new-yorkdark-dank-and-dangerous.
  • Palaiologou, F. (2014). The Manhattan Row House as an Exemplar of Urban Adaptability: 1874-2011. New Urban Configurations EAAE/ISUF International Conference. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322951195_The_Manhattan_row_house_as_an_exemplar_of_urban_adaptability_1874-2011.
  • Riis, J.A. (1890). How The Other Half Lıves Studies Among The Tenements Of New York. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/45502/pg45502-images.html.
  • Spivack, D. (2016). Amendıng The Buıldıng Code Of The Cıty Of New York: Explorıng Forces That Influenced Change. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 2016. Retrieved from http://archives.njit.edu/vol01/etd/2010s/2016/njit-etd2016-040/njit-etd2016-040.pdf.
  • URL-1. Angel, S. & Patrick, L. (2004). The Rise and Fall of Manhattan’s Densities, 1790 – 2010, Faculty Digital Archive. New York Universty Website. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/33846?mode=full.
  • URL-2. Innovative Conservation at 97 Orchard. Tenement Museum Website. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.tenement.org/explore/97-orchard-street/.
  • URL-3. New York (Manhattan) Sectors Population & Density 1800-1910. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from http://demographia.com/db-nyc-sector1800.htm.
  • URL-4. What life was like in a rundown city tenement. (2011). Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/old-law-tenements/.
  • URL-5. Gray, C. (2008, October 10). Architectural Wealth, Built for the Poor. The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html.
  • URL-6. Watson, S. & Carling, S. (2008). Alfred T White and his impact today. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://chpcny.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ATWhite2.pdf.
  • URL-7. Scharff, J. (2019). New York’s Gentrifying New Law Tenement. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.jonahcoescharff.com/projects/new-law-tenement.
  • URL-8. New York State Multiple Dwelling Law, Chapter 713, Laws of 1929. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from http://tenant.net/Other_Laws/MDL/mdl07.html.
  • URL-9. Calamitous Fire. (1860, February 3). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/1860/02/03/archives/calamitous-fire-tenement-house-on-elmstreet-destroyed-thirty.html?searchResultPosition=1.
  • URL-10. Destructive Fires. (1860, March 29). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/1860/03/29/archives/destructive-fires-four-tenement-houses-destroyed-two-mothers-and.html?searchResultPosition=9.
  • URL-11. Frightful Calamity. (1867, December 17). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/1867/12/17/archives/frightful-calamity-fire-in-a-tenementhouseseven-persons-smothered-a.html?searchResultPosition=31.
  • URL-12. A Wooden Building in West Houston-Street Inviting the Danger. (1873, June 7). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/06/07/82025330.html?pageNumber=8.
  • URL-13. Fatally Burned In Bed. (1874, May 4). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1874/05/04/79219728.html?pageNumber=2.
  • URL-14. Narrow Escape From Fire. (1881, November 26). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/11/26/98574396.html?pageNumber=3.
  • URL-15. Narrow Escape Of Tenants. (1884, August 29). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/08/29/109777621.html?pageNumber=8.
  • URL-16. Fire in a Tenement House. (1885, May 24). The New York Times. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/24/103017866.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0.
  • URL-17. Terrible fire in a tenement-house, Forty-fifth Street, New York, March 28, 1860. (1860). The New York Public Library Digital Collections. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-ce4a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.
  • URL-18. Teague, J. (2018). Tenement House Wholesale Massacre. NYU Glucksman Ireland House. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://ethnic-village.org/tenement-house-wholesale-massacre/.
  • URL-19. Tenement House Committee Chapter 479 of The Laws of 1894. Retrieved 19.09.2023 from https://archive.org/details/reporttenementh00commgoog/page/14/mode/2up?q=decker.
  • Veiller, L. (1900a). The Tenement House Reform in New York 1834-1900. (VOL.I). New York: The Evening Post Job Printing House. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/tenementhouseref00veilrich/page/16/mode/2up.
  • Veiller, L. (1900b). Tenement House Legislation in New York, 1852-1900. New York: Albany, N.Y.: Brandow.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimarlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Burçin Yenice Bu kişi benim 0009-0000-4993-5219

Ezgi Korkmaz 0000-0001-5164-6205

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Kasım 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Kasım 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yenice, B., & Korkmaz, E. (2023). ARCHITECTURAL IMPACT of 19th-CENTURY FIRE REGULATIONS: A Case Study of New York Tenement Houses. Mekansal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 57-74.
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