Letter to Editor
The comparison of clinical and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine, medetomidine and detomidine in dogs
Abstract
This study intended to evaluate the effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists (xylazine, medetomidine and detomidine) on clinical status and cardiopulmonary system in dogs. A total of 30 dogs were randomly assigned to 3 different groups. Following fasting period of 12 hours, xylazine (1 mg/kg IM), medetomidine (25 µ/kg IM) and detomidine (20 µg/kg IM) were administered to groups I, II and III, respectively. Body temperature, heart rates, and respiratory rates were recorded at predetermined times before and after injections. Serum electrolyte, biochemical parameters, blood gases were also evaluated in the blood samples before and after injection. ECG was recorded before, during and after sedation. Decrease in heart rate was found significant in all of the groups. Decrease in the respiration rate was statistically significant (P<0.001) for groups I and II, but not for group III. The decrease in body temperature was statistically significant (P<0.01) only in medetomidine group. Regarding to the biochemical parameters, the increase in blood glucose level was only statistically significant (P<0.05) in group I. Bradycardia, sinoatrial block, 2 Mobitz Type I, and 20 Mobitz Type II block were observed in all groups according to the ECG. Only in medetomidine group, heart rhythm disorders such as escape beat and escape rhythm were observed
References
- Ambrisko TD, Hikasa Y (2002): Neurohormonal and metabolic effect of medetomidine compared with xylazine in beagle dogs. Can J Vet Res, 66, 42-49.
- Atalan G, Özba B, Erdoğan HM, et al. (2001): Comparison the clinical and cardiovaskular effects of the combination of xylazine-ketamine HCI with medetomidine- ketamine HCI. Turk J Vet Surg, 7, 21-27.
- Belge F, Çınar A, Yur F, et al. (1998): The research on the effect of ketalar’s utilization with different preedicant agents on ECG and some blood parameters. Turk J Vet Surg, 4, 13-18.
- Benson GJ, Thurmon JC, Neff-Davis CA (1984): Effect of xylazine hydrochloride upon plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations in adult pointer dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 20, 791-794.
- Börkü MK, Özkanlar YE, Gürkan M, et al. (2005): Xylazine ile sedasyon oluşturulan köpeklerde xylazine antagonisti yohimbine’in etkinliğinin araştırılması. Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med, 1-2-3-4, 27-32.
- Burton SA, Lemke KA, Ihle SL, et al. (1997): Effect of medetomidine on serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res, 58, 1440-42.
- Cullen LK (1999): Xylazine and medetomidine in small animals: These drugs should be used carefully. Aust Vet J, 77, 112-116.
- Felberg W, Symonds HW (1980): Hyperglycaemic effect of xylazine. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 5, 241-245.
- Greene SA, Thurmon JC (1988): Xylazine review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 11, 295-313.
- Gülanber EG, Kaya U, Aktaş M, et al. (2000): The effects of physiological functions and blood in dogs. Turk J Vet Surg, 6, 5-9. anaesthesia on some
- Güzel Ö, Perk EC (2002): Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders encountered during the general anaesthesia procedure and intraoperative period in dogs. J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ, 28, 381-401.
- Güzel Ö (2003): Effects of Anesthetic Agents used in cats and dogs on the heart. J Fac Vet Med Kafkas Univ, 9, 215– 218.
- Hall LW, Clarke KW (1991): Anaesthesia in the dog. 51- 79, 92-97, 290-323. In: Veterinary Anaesthesia. Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia.
- Hikasa Y, Takase K, Saito K, et al. (1986): Antagonism of the emetic action of xylazine by alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Eur J Pharmacol, 130, 229-235.
- Jarvis N, England GCW (1991): Reversal of xylazine sedation in dogs. Vet Rec, 128, 323-325.
- Kanda T, Hikasa Y (2008): Neurohormonal and metabolic effect of medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy cats. Can J Vet Res, 72, 278–286.
- Khan AM, Ashraf M, Pervez K, et al. (2003): Effect of detomidine on blood chemistry and electrolyte profile in buffalo calves. Int J Agri Biol, 5, 308-310.
- Khan MA, Ashraf M, Pervez K, et al. (2004): Comparative effects of detomidine and xylazine as sedative and analgesic agent in small ruminant. Pakistan Vet J, 24, 62–69.
- Kilic N (2008): Cardiopulmonary, biochemical and haematological changes after detomidine-midazolam- ketamine anaesthesia in calves. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 52, 453-456.
- Kramer S, Nolte I, Jochle W (1996): Clinical comparison of medetomidine with xylazine/l-methadone in dogs. Vet Rec, 138, 128-133.
- Kurtdede A, Börkü MK, Özlem MB, et al. (1994): Effects of xylazine and xylazine plus ketamine on blood gases and some hematological parameters in healthy dogs. Vet J Ankara Univ, 41, 327-335.
- Lele CM, Bhokre AP (1985): Evaluation of xylazine as an anaesthetics preanaesthetics drugs in dogs. II. Electrocardiographic and biochemical study. India Vet J, 62, 863-868. certain
- Lemke KA (2004): Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals. Can Vet J, 45, 475-480.
- Maze M, Tranquilli W (1991): Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist: Defining the role in clinical anesthesia. Anesthesiology 74, 581–605.
- Mohammad FK, Zangana IK, Al-Kassim NA (1991): Clinical observations in Shami goat kids sedated with medetomidine. Small Rum Res, 5, 149–153.
- Özaydın İ, Atalan G, Uzun M, et al. (2001): Assessment of anaesthetic properties and clinical, cardiovascular and respiratoric effects of medetomidine, propofol and ketamine combination in dogs. J Fac Vet Med Kafkas Univ, 7, 71-76.
- Paddleford RR, Harvey RC (1999): Alpha-2 agonists and antagonists. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 29, 737- 745.
- Pişkin I, Şireli M, Sağmanlıgil V, et al. (1999): The effects of some anaesthetics on the electrocardiograms of guinea pigs. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 23, 161-166.
- Pypendop BH, Verstegen JP (1998): Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine in the dog: A dose titration study. Vet Surg, 27, 612-622.
- Saraçoğlu A (2008): Drug-related cardivascular disorders. Turkiye Klinikleri J Cardiovasc Sci, 20, 107-123.
- Sarchahi AA, Vesal N, Nikahval B, et al. (2009): Comparison of the effects of different doses of acepromazine- xylazine on the electrocardiogram in dogs. Iran J Vet Res, 10, 208-215.
- Savole JM, Ruskoaho H, Puurunen J, et al. (1986): Evidence for medetomidine as a selective and potent agonist at alpha-2 adrenoceptors. J Auton Pharmacol, 5, 275-284.
- Seeler DC, Dodman NH, NormanWM, et al. (1987): Intraoperative cardiac dysrhythmias and their treatment. Brit Vet J, 143, 97-111.
- Simon F, Romvary A, Mora S (1989) Clinical investigations of medetomidine in dog. Acta Vet Scand Suppl, 85, 161-165.
- Sinclair DM (2003): A review of the physiological effect of α2- agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. Can Vet J, 44, 885-897.
- Ueyena Y, Waselau AC, Wiese AJ, et al. (2008): Anesthetic and cardipulmonary effect of intramuscular morphine, medetomidine, ketamine injection in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 35, 480-487.
- Ünsüren H, Kurtdede A, Şeker Y, et al. (1986): Clinical, biochemical and haematological finding in dogs given Xylazine hydrochloride. Vet J Ankara Univ, 33, 373–380.
- Virtanen R (1986): Pharmacology of detomidine and other α2- adrenoreceptor agonists in the brain. Acta Vet Scand, 82, 35-46.
- Yamashita K, Tsubakishita S, Futaoka S, et al. (2000): Cardiovascular effect of medetomidine, detomidine, and xylazine in horses. J Vet Medi Sci, 62, 1025-32. Geliş tarihi: 12.12.2016 / Kabul tarihi: 24.07.2017 Address for correspondence: Asst. Prof. Dr. Rahime YAYGINGÜL Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Işıklı, 09017 Aydın, Turkey. e-mail: ryaygingul@hotmail.com
Köpeklerde xylazine, medetomidine ve detomidine’nin klinik ve kardiopulmoner etkilerininkarşılaştırılması
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, köpeklerde α2-adrenoreseptör agonistlerinin (xylazine, medetomidine ve detomidine) klinik ve kardiopulmoner sistem üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Toplam 30 adet köpek rastgele olarak 3 farklı gruba ayrıldı. 12 saatlik açlığı takiben I. gruptaki köpeklere xylazine (1 mg/kg İM), medetomidine (25 µg/kg İM), detomidine (20 µg/kg İM) dozunda uygulandı. Enjeksiyon öncesi ve sonrası belirli zaman beden ısısı, kalp atım ve solunum sayıları kaydedildi. Enjeksiyon öncesi ve sonrası alınan kan örneklerinde serum elektrolitleri, biyokimyasal parametreler ve kan gazları değerlendirildi. Sedasyon öncesi, sırası ve sonrası EKG kaydedildi. Kalp atım sayısındaki azalma bütün gruplarda anlamlı bulundu. Solunum sayısındaki azalma I. ve II. grupta anlamlı iken (P<0.001), III. grupta anlamlı değildi. Beden ısısında sadece medetomidine grubunda önemli azalma (P<0.01) belirlendi. Biyokimyasal parametrelerde sadece I. grupta glikoz değerinde artma istatiksel olarak anlamlı idi. Yapılan EKG değerlendirmelerinde bütün gruplarda bradikardi, sinoatrial blok, 2dereceMobitz Tip I, 2derece Mobitz Tip II bloklar görülürken, sadece medetomidine grubunda escape vuru, escape ritim gibi kalp ritm bozukluklarına rastlandı
References
- Ambrisko TD, Hikasa Y (2002): Neurohormonal and metabolic effect of medetomidine compared with xylazine in beagle dogs. Can J Vet Res, 66, 42-49.
- Atalan G, Özba B, Erdoğan HM, et al. (2001): Comparison the clinical and cardiovaskular effects of the combination of xylazine-ketamine HCI with medetomidine- ketamine HCI. Turk J Vet Surg, 7, 21-27.
- Belge F, Çınar A, Yur F, et al. (1998): The research on the effect of ketalar’s utilization with different preedicant agents on ECG and some blood parameters. Turk J Vet Surg, 4, 13-18.
- Benson GJ, Thurmon JC, Neff-Davis CA (1984): Effect of xylazine hydrochloride upon plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations in adult pointer dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 20, 791-794.
- Börkü MK, Özkanlar YE, Gürkan M, et al. (2005): Xylazine ile sedasyon oluşturulan köpeklerde xylazine antagonisti yohimbine’in etkinliğinin araştırılması. Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med, 1-2-3-4, 27-32.
- Burton SA, Lemke KA, Ihle SL, et al. (1997): Effect of medetomidine on serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res, 58, 1440-42.
- Cullen LK (1999): Xylazine and medetomidine in small animals: These drugs should be used carefully. Aust Vet J, 77, 112-116.
- Felberg W, Symonds HW (1980): Hyperglycaemic effect of xylazine. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 5, 241-245.
- Greene SA, Thurmon JC (1988): Xylazine review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 11, 295-313.
- Gülanber EG, Kaya U, Aktaş M, et al. (2000): The effects of physiological functions and blood in dogs. Turk J Vet Surg, 6, 5-9. anaesthesia on some
- Güzel Ö, Perk EC (2002): Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders encountered during the general anaesthesia procedure and intraoperative period in dogs. J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ, 28, 381-401.
- Güzel Ö (2003): Effects of Anesthetic Agents used in cats and dogs on the heart. J Fac Vet Med Kafkas Univ, 9, 215– 218.
- Hall LW, Clarke KW (1991): Anaesthesia in the dog. 51- 79, 92-97, 290-323. In: Veterinary Anaesthesia. Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia.
- Hikasa Y, Takase K, Saito K, et al. (1986): Antagonism of the emetic action of xylazine by alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Eur J Pharmacol, 130, 229-235.
- Jarvis N, England GCW (1991): Reversal of xylazine sedation in dogs. Vet Rec, 128, 323-325.
- Kanda T, Hikasa Y (2008): Neurohormonal and metabolic effect of medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy cats. Can J Vet Res, 72, 278–286.
- Khan AM, Ashraf M, Pervez K, et al. (2003): Effect of detomidine on blood chemistry and electrolyte profile in buffalo calves. Int J Agri Biol, 5, 308-310.
- Khan MA, Ashraf M, Pervez K, et al. (2004): Comparative effects of detomidine and xylazine as sedative and analgesic agent in small ruminant. Pakistan Vet J, 24, 62–69.
- Kilic N (2008): Cardiopulmonary, biochemical and haematological changes after detomidine-midazolam- ketamine anaesthesia in calves. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 52, 453-456.
- Kramer S, Nolte I, Jochle W (1996): Clinical comparison of medetomidine with xylazine/l-methadone in dogs. Vet Rec, 138, 128-133.
- Kurtdede A, Börkü MK, Özlem MB, et al. (1994): Effects of xylazine and xylazine plus ketamine on blood gases and some hematological parameters in healthy dogs. Vet J Ankara Univ, 41, 327-335.
- Lele CM, Bhokre AP (1985): Evaluation of xylazine as an anaesthetics preanaesthetics drugs in dogs. II. Electrocardiographic and biochemical study. India Vet J, 62, 863-868. certain
- Lemke KA (2004): Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals. Can Vet J, 45, 475-480.
- Maze M, Tranquilli W (1991): Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist: Defining the role in clinical anesthesia. Anesthesiology 74, 581–605.
- Mohammad FK, Zangana IK, Al-Kassim NA (1991): Clinical observations in Shami goat kids sedated with medetomidine. Small Rum Res, 5, 149–153.
- Özaydın İ, Atalan G, Uzun M, et al. (2001): Assessment of anaesthetic properties and clinical, cardiovascular and respiratoric effects of medetomidine, propofol and ketamine combination in dogs. J Fac Vet Med Kafkas Univ, 7, 71-76.
- Paddleford RR, Harvey RC (1999): Alpha-2 agonists and antagonists. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 29, 737- 745.
- Pişkin I, Şireli M, Sağmanlıgil V, et al. (1999): The effects of some anaesthetics on the electrocardiograms of guinea pigs. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 23, 161-166.
- Pypendop BH, Verstegen JP (1998): Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine in the dog: A dose titration study. Vet Surg, 27, 612-622.
- Saraçoğlu A (2008): Drug-related cardivascular disorders. Turkiye Klinikleri J Cardiovasc Sci, 20, 107-123.
- Sarchahi AA, Vesal N, Nikahval B, et al. (2009): Comparison of the effects of different doses of acepromazine- xylazine on the electrocardiogram in dogs. Iran J Vet Res, 10, 208-215.
- Savole JM, Ruskoaho H, Puurunen J, et al. (1986): Evidence for medetomidine as a selective and potent agonist at alpha-2 adrenoceptors. J Auton Pharmacol, 5, 275-284.
- Seeler DC, Dodman NH, NormanWM, et al. (1987): Intraoperative cardiac dysrhythmias and their treatment. Brit Vet J, 143, 97-111.
- Simon F, Romvary A, Mora S (1989) Clinical investigations of medetomidine in dog. Acta Vet Scand Suppl, 85, 161-165.
- Sinclair DM (2003): A review of the physiological effect of α2- agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. Can Vet J, 44, 885-897.
- Ueyena Y, Waselau AC, Wiese AJ, et al. (2008): Anesthetic and cardipulmonary effect of intramuscular morphine, medetomidine, ketamine injection in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 35, 480-487.
- Ünsüren H, Kurtdede A, Şeker Y, et al. (1986): Clinical, biochemical and haematological finding in dogs given Xylazine hydrochloride. Vet J Ankara Univ, 33, 373–380.
- Virtanen R (1986): Pharmacology of detomidine and other α2- adrenoreceptor agonists in the brain. Acta Vet Scand, 82, 35-46.
- Yamashita K, Tsubakishita S, Futaoka S, et al. (2000): Cardiovascular effect of medetomidine, detomidine, and xylazine in horses. J Vet Medi Sci, 62, 1025-32. Geliş tarihi: 12.12.2016 / Kabul tarihi: 24.07.2017 Address for correspondence: Asst. Prof. Dr. Rahime YAYGINGÜL Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Işıklı, 09017 Aydın, Turkey. e-mail: ryaygingul@hotmail.com
There are 39 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA25FH37ED |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 1, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018Volume: 65 Issue: 3 |