Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 72 Issue: 1, 99 - 104
Abstract
References
- Ambale-Venkatesh B, Lima JA (2015): Cardiac MRI: a central prognostic tool in myocardial fibrosis. Nat Rev Cardiol, 12, 18-29.
- Asinger RW, Mikell FL, Elsperger J, et al (1981): Incidence of left-ventricular thrombosis after acute transmural myocardial infarction. Serial evaluation by two-dimensional echocardiography. New Eng J Med, 305, 297-302.
- Biswas M, Sudhakar S, Nanda NC (2013): Two- and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: clinical applications and future directions. Echocardiography, 30, 88-105.
- Bonagura JD, Lehmkuhl LB (2006): Cardiomyopathy. 1527-1548. In: Stephen J. Birchard, Robert G. Sherding (Ed), Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. 3th ed, W.B. Saunders.
- Borgeat K, Wright J, Garrod O, et al (2014): Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004–2012. J Vet Intern Med, 28, 102–108.
- Butz T, van Buuren F, Mellwig KP, et al (2011): Two-dimensional strain analysis of the global and regional myocardial function for the differentiation of pathologic and physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy: a study in athletes and in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 27, 91–100.
- Carasso S, Yang H, Woo A, et al (2010): Diastolic myocardial mechanics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 23, 164–171.
- Chetboul V, Serres F, Gouni V, et al (2008): Noninvasive assessment of systolic left ventricular torsion by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in the awake dog: repeatability, reproducibility, and comparison with tissue Doppler imaging variables. ACVIM, 22, 342–350.
- Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, et al (2002): Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1, 2156–2164.
- Delewi R, Nijveldt R, Hirsch A, et al (2012): Left ventricular thrombus formation after acute myocardial infarction as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol, 81, 3900-3904.
- Eijgenraam TR, Silljé HHW, de Boer RA (2020): Current understanding of fibrosis in genetic cardiomyopathies. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 30, 353-361.
- Garceau P, Carasso S, Woo A, et al (2012): Evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and filling pressures in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison between invasive hemodynamics and two-dimensional speckle tracking. Echocardiography, 29, 934–942.
- Guillaumin J, Gibson RM, Goy-Thollot I, et al (2019): Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in feline acute aortic thromboembolism: a retrospective study of 16 cases. J Feline Med Surg, 21, 340-346.
- Kim RJ, Judd RM (2003): Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: in vivo imaging of the pathologic substrate for premature cardiac death? J Am Coll Cardiol, 41, 1568–1572.
- Kong P, Christia P, Frangogiannis NG (2014): The pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci, 71, 549-574.
- Liu T, Song D, Dong J, et al (2017): Current Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Myocardial Fibrosis and Its Quantitative Assessment in Heart Failure. Frontiers in Physiology, 24, 238.
- Marian AJ, Braunwald E (2017): Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Res, 121, 749-770.
- Mizuguchi Y, Oishi Y, Miyoshi H, et al (2008): The functional role of longitudinal, circumferential, and radial myocardial deformation for regulating the early impairment of left ventricular contraction and relaxation in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a study with two-dimensional strain imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 1138-1144.
- Mizuguchi Y, Oishi Y, Miyoshi H, et al (2010): Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy brings deterioration of systolic longitudinal, circumferential and radial myocardial deformation in hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular pump function. J Cardiol, 55, 23–33.
- Olsen FJ, Pedersen S, Galatius S, et al (2020): Association between regional longitudinal strain and left ventricular thrombus formation following acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 36, 1271-1281.
- Popović ZB, Kwon DH, Mishra M, et al (2008): Association between regional ventricular function and myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography and delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 1299-1305.
- Rush JE, Freeman LM, Fenollosa NK, et al (2002): Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardio-myopathy: 260 cases (1990-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 220, 202–207.
- Saito M, Okayama H, Yoshii T, et al (2012): Clinical significance of global two-dimensional strain as a surrogate parameter of myocardial fibrosis and cardiac events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J, 13, 617-623.
- Sasaki K, Sakata K, Kachi E, et al (1998): Sequential changes in cardiac structure and function in patients with Duchenne type muscular dystrophy: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study. Am Heart J, 135, 937-944.
- Smith SA, Tobias AH (2004): Feline arterial thromboembolism: an update. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 34, 1245-1271.
- Sugimoto K, Fujii Y, Sunahara H, et al (2015): Assessment of left ventricular longitudinal function in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography. J Vet Med Sci, 77, 1101-1108.
- Suzuki R, Mochizuki Y, Yoshimatsu H, et al (2017): Determination of multidirectional myocardial deformations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Feline Med Surg, 19, 1283-1289.
- Suzuki R, Mochizuki Y, Yoshimatsu H, et al (2019): Layer-specific myocardial function in asymptomatic cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Vet Intern Med, 33, 37-45.
- Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, et al (2000): Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart, 84, 476–482.
- Wang J, Khoury DS, Yue Y, et al (2008): Preserved left ventricular twist and circumferential deformation, but depressed longitudinal and radial deformation in patients with diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart J, 29, 1283–1289.
- Wess G, Keller LJ, Klausnitzer M, et al (2011): Comparison of longitudinal myocardial tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking and by color tissue Doppler imaging in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol, 13, 31–43.
Year 2025,
Volume: 72 Issue: 1, 99 - 104
Abstract
Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a new approach developed for cardiac imaging that provides better assessment of regional and global myocardial abnormalities than standard echocardiography techniques. Latest studies have demonstrated that asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have variable areas of patchy myocardial fibrosis in left ventricular myocardium. However, no previous studies in cats with feline arterial thromboembolism (ATE) have used 2D-STE to assess myocardial function. The purpose of the study was to evaluate regional radial strain variables of the left ventricle using 2D-STE in cats with ATE. Ten cats affected with ATE and ten healthy control cats were studied. Cats with ATE, in the study group, were diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This group was further divided into both intraventricular septum (IVS) and left vetricular (LV) hypertrophy (IVS-HCM, n:5) and only LV free wall hypertrophy (LV-HCM, n:5) groups. Compared to the control group, cats in LV-HCM and IVS-HCM groups had a thicker IVSd. LVFWd were considerably higher in LV-HCM group than in both IVS-HCM and the control group (8.04 ± 0.93, 4.9 ± 0.4, 3,91 ± 0,17 respectively, P<0.001). EF values were not statistically different between the groups. Values from Mid-lateral (ML) and Mid-posterior (MP) regions in cats with IVS and LV hypertrophy were significantly lower than in the control group (both P<0.05). Our results showed that MP and ML strain values were decreased in the LV.
Keywords
Feline arterial thromboembolism Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
References
- Ambale-Venkatesh B, Lima JA (2015): Cardiac MRI: a central prognostic tool in myocardial fibrosis. Nat Rev Cardiol, 12, 18-29.
- Asinger RW, Mikell FL, Elsperger J, et al (1981): Incidence of left-ventricular thrombosis after acute transmural myocardial infarction. Serial evaluation by two-dimensional echocardiography. New Eng J Med, 305, 297-302.
- Biswas M, Sudhakar S, Nanda NC (2013): Two- and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: clinical applications and future directions. Echocardiography, 30, 88-105.
- Bonagura JD, Lehmkuhl LB (2006): Cardiomyopathy. 1527-1548. In: Stephen J. Birchard, Robert G. Sherding (Ed), Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. 3th ed, W.B. Saunders.
- Borgeat K, Wright J, Garrod O, et al (2014): Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004–2012. J Vet Intern Med, 28, 102–108.
- Butz T, van Buuren F, Mellwig KP, et al (2011): Two-dimensional strain analysis of the global and regional myocardial function for the differentiation of pathologic and physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy: a study in athletes and in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 27, 91–100.
- Carasso S, Yang H, Woo A, et al (2010): Diastolic myocardial mechanics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 23, 164–171.
- Chetboul V, Serres F, Gouni V, et al (2008): Noninvasive assessment of systolic left ventricular torsion by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in the awake dog: repeatability, reproducibility, and comparison with tissue Doppler imaging variables. ACVIM, 22, 342–350.
- Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, et al (2002): Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1, 2156–2164.
- Delewi R, Nijveldt R, Hirsch A, et al (2012): Left ventricular thrombus formation after acute myocardial infarction as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol, 81, 3900-3904.
- Eijgenraam TR, Silljé HHW, de Boer RA (2020): Current understanding of fibrosis in genetic cardiomyopathies. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 30, 353-361.
- Garceau P, Carasso S, Woo A, et al (2012): Evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and filling pressures in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison between invasive hemodynamics and two-dimensional speckle tracking. Echocardiography, 29, 934–942.
- Guillaumin J, Gibson RM, Goy-Thollot I, et al (2019): Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in feline acute aortic thromboembolism: a retrospective study of 16 cases. J Feline Med Surg, 21, 340-346.
- Kim RJ, Judd RM (2003): Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: in vivo imaging of the pathologic substrate for premature cardiac death? J Am Coll Cardiol, 41, 1568–1572.
- Kong P, Christia P, Frangogiannis NG (2014): The pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci, 71, 549-574.
- Liu T, Song D, Dong J, et al (2017): Current Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Myocardial Fibrosis and Its Quantitative Assessment in Heart Failure. Frontiers in Physiology, 24, 238.
- Marian AJ, Braunwald E (2017): Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Res, 121, 749-770.
- Mizuguchi Y, Oishi Y, Miyoshi H, et al (2008): The functional role of longitudinal, circumferential, and radial myocardial deformation for regulating the early impairment of left ventricular contraction and relaxation in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a study with two-dimensional strain imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 1138-1144.
- Mizuguchi Y, Oishi Y, Miyoshi H, et al (2010): Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy brings deterioration of systolic longitudinal, circumferential and radial myocardial deformation in hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular pump function. J Cardiol, 55, 23–33.
- Olsen FJ, Pedersen S, Galatius S, et al (2020): Association between regional longitudinal strain and left ventricular thrombus formation following acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 36, 1271-1281.
- Popović ZB, Kwon DH, Mishra M, et al (2008): Association between regional ventricular function and myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography and delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 1299-1305.
- Rush JE, Freeman LM, Fenollosa NK, et al (2002): Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardio-myopathy: 260 cases (1990-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 220, 202–207.
- Saito M, Okayama H, Yoshii T, et al (2012): Clinical significance of global two-dimensional strain as a surrogate parameter of myocardial fibrosis and cardiac events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J, 13, 617-623.
- Sasaki K, Sakata K, Kachi E, et al (1998): Sequential changes in cardiac structure and function in patients with Duchenne type muscular dystrophy: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study. Am Heart J, 135, 937-944.
- Smith SA, Tobias AH (2004): Feline arterial thromboembolism: an update. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 34, 1245-1271.
- Sugimoto K, Fujii Y, Sunahara H, et al (2015): Assessment of left ventricular longitudinal function in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography. J Vet Med Sci, 77, 1101-1108.
- Suzuki R, Mochizuki Y, Yoshimatsu H, et al (2017): Determination of multidirectional myocardial deformations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Feline Med Surg, 19, 1283-1289.
- Suzuki R, Mochizuki Y, Yoshimatsu H, et al (2019): Layer-specific myocardial function in asymptomatic cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Vet Intern Med, 33, 37-45.
- Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, et al (2000): Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart, 84, 476–482.
- Wang J, Khoury DS, Yue Y, et al (2008): Preserved left ventricular twist and circumferential deformation, but depressed longitudinal and radial deformation in patients with diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart J, 29, 1283–1289.
- Wess G, Keller LJ, Klausnitzer M, et al (2011): Comparison of longitudinal myocardial tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking and by color tissue Doppler imaging in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol, 13, 31–43.
There are 31 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Medicine |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 28, 2024 |
| Publication Date | |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Volume: 72 Issue: 1 |
